{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411435033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","title":"Semi-Automatic Building of Ontologies from Unstructured French Texts: Industrial Case Study","display_name":"Semi-Automatic Building of Ontologies from Unstructured French Texts: Industrial Case Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411435033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005376766","display_name":"Emna Amdouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emna Amdouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056270591","display_name":"Abdelhadi Belfadel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-4638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhadi Belfadel","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093106827","display_name":"Maxence Gagnant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxence Gagnant","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118391449","display_name":"Isabelle Renault","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118618916","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Pierre Mend\u00e8s France","ror":"https://ror.org/02f7wz369","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118618916","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabelle Renault","raw_affiliation_strings":["EDF, 19, rue Pierre Bourdeix, Lyon, 69007, Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EDF, 19, rue Pierre Bourdeix, Lyon, 69007, Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118618916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082223661","display_name":"Samuel Kierszbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7973-4191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112991645","display_name":"Airbus (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/023qdcg29","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112991645","https://openalex.org/I4210121748"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Kierszbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airbus Protect, 36, Rue Raymond Grimaud, Blagnac, 31700, Haute-Garonne, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airbus Protect, 36, Rue Raymond Grimaud, Blagnac, 31700, Haute-Garonne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112991645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038598293","display_name":"J. A. Carri\u00f3n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118618916","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Pierre Mend\u00e8s France","ror":"https://ror.org/02f7wz369","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118618916","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Carrion","raw_affiliation_strings":["EDF, 19, rue Pierre Bourdeix, Lyon, 69007, Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EDF, 19, rue Pierre Bourdeix, Lyon, 69007, Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118618916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010107705","display_name":"Matthieu Dussartre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799681489","display_name":"Minist\u00e8re des Arm\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/025er3q23","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799681489","https://openalex.org/I2802818602"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthieu Dussartre","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTE, 7C, place du D\u00f4me, Paris La Defense, 92073, Ile-de-France, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTE, 7C, place du D\u00f4me, Paris La Defense, 92073, Ile-de-France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799681489"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089533954","display_name":"Sana Tmar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018083178","display_name":"Institut de Recherche Technologique SystemX","ror":"https://ror.org/03crmsn52","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Tmar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRT SystemX, 2 Bd Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, Ile-de-France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005376766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018083178"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.671,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90699133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"339","last_page":"361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9150375127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.6933802962303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5941644906997681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5926656723022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5091091990470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.464091956615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.46331286430358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4605838656425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-learning","display_name":"Ontology learning","score":0.4463634490966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.42660385370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41535499691963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4111810624599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.29733526706695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suggested-upper-merged-ontology","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","score":0.2859840393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16571515798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15221846103668213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9150375127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.6933802962303162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5941644906997681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5926656723022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5091091990470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.464091956615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.46331286430358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4605838656425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777002027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620938","display_name":"Ontology learning","level":5,"score":0.4463634490966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.42660385370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41535499691963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4111810624599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.29733526706695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50971890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7635093","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","level":4,"score":0.2859840393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16571515798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15221846103668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04942531v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04942531","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04942531/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922454","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering, 2025, ⟨10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1eb18989be24d0e9953fcd3abbb59ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1eb18989be24d0e9953fcd3abbb59ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering, Vol 10, Iss 3, Pp 339-361 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-025-00284-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411435033.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411435033.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193748482","https://openalex.org/W1499053674","https://openalex.org/W1552847225","https://openalex.org/W2080133951","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2107598941","https://openalex.org/W2122865749","https://openalex.org/W2127378806","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2144581466","https://openalex.org/W2155249637","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2470728525","https://openalex.org/W2894652650","https://openalex.org/W2913964174","https://openalex.org/W2919002622","https://openalex.org/W2986154550","https://openalex.org/W2996304603","https://openalex.org/W3006227201","https://openalex.org/W3032553678","https://openalex.org/W3093891978","https://openalex.org/W3096288490","https://openalex.org/W3103187652","https://openalex.org/W3104081646","https://openalex.org/W3104415840","https://openalex.org/W3128425360","https://openalex.org/W3157022402","https://openalex.org/W3169766753","https://openalex.org/W3204085121","https://openalex.org/W3214342214","https://openalex.org/W4214927559","https://openalex.org/W4285246823","https://openalex.org/W4285821800","https://openalex.org/W4288430392","https://openalex.org/W4386566424","https://openalex.org/W4387850743","https://openalex.org/W4388144297","https://openalex.org/W4399920943","https://openalex.org/W4406870075","https://openalex.org/W6600424091","https://openalex.org/W6824388542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293063786","https://openalex.org/W2072724840","https://openalex.org/W2075489301","https://openalex.org/W2051508632","https://openalex.org/W2911292476","https://openalex.org/W2024342824","https://openalex.org/W1968332217","https://openalex.org/W2270216190","https://openalex.org/W4255991504","https://openalex.org/W2375862234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"An":[1],"enterprise\u2019s":[2],"knowledge":[3,71,134],"is":[4,19,35],"often":[5],"contained":[6],"in":[7,40],"many":[8],"documents":[9],"of":[10,26,143,148],"different":[11],"types:":[12],"textual":[13],"and":[14,68,94,109,122,132],"multimedia.":[15],"Exploiting":[16],"this":[17,30],"information":[18],"generally":[20],"difficult":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,36,55,88,107,154],"a":[24,42,52,130],"lack":[25],"suitable":[27],"tools.":[28],"In":[29],"research":[31],"work,":[32],"our":[33,105],"motivation":[34],"assist":[37],"non-expert":[38],"users":[39],"creating":[41],"semantic":[43],"model":[44],"with":[45,74],"minimum":[46],"manual":[47],"design.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"describes":[51],"semi-automatic":[53],"pipeline":[54],"build":[56],"an":[57],"ontology":[58,101,112,149],"version":[59],"from":[60],"French":[61],"texts":[62],"by":[63],"parsing":[64],"natural":[65],"language":[66,165],"content":[67],"exploring":[69],"open":[70],"graphs.":[72],"Specifically,":[73],"practical":[75],"examples,":[76],"we":[77,80,126],"showcase":[78],"how":[79],"integrated":[81],"some":[82],"existing":[83],"open-source":[84],"NLP":[85,144],"solutions":[86],"related":[87],"Named":[89,95],"Entity":[90,96],"Recognition,":[91],"Relation":[92],"Recognition":[93],"Linking":[97],"for":[98,114,140],"building":[99],"enriched":[100,133],"versions.":[102],"We":[103],"applied":[104],"approach":[106],"generate":[108],"manage":[110],"industrial":[111],"versions":[113],"two":[115],"real":[116],"case":[117],"studies:":[118],"electrical":[119],"grid":[120],"management":[121],"requirements":[123],"engineering.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"conclude":[127],"that":[128],"having":[129],"complete":[131],"graph":[135],"requires":[136],"larger":[137],"training":[138],"datasets":[139],"better":[141],"performance":[142],"tasks.":[145],"Some":[146],"steps":[147],"implementation":[150],"are":[151],"still":[152],"hard":[153],"computerize":[155],"completely,":[156],"notably":[157],"axiom":[158],"discovery,":[159],"which":[160],"strongly":[161],"relies":[162],"on":[163],"supervised":[164],"models.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T17:19:04.345684","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}