{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210595653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","title":"Toward Entity Alignment in the Open World: An Unsupervised Approach with Confidence Modeling","display_name":"Toward Entity Alignment in the Open World: An Unsupervised Approach with Confidence Modeling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210595653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014937762","display_name":"Xiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039575548","display_name":"Weixin Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-3190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixin Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102717976","display_name":"Jiuyang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1786-9831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiuyang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103153115","display_name":"Xinyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-4859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013911439","display_name":"Minnan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-7860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minnan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","Department of Computer Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041083459","display_name":"Qinghua Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8436-4754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","Department of Computer Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014937762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83739974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8816090822219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.6412534713745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.5330368876457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5328450798988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.531769335269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.5200498104095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5089421272277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47715848684310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.42596572637557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41923922300338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4175824820995331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40827029943466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.12358134984970093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8816090822219849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6412534713745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5330368876457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5328450798988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.531769335269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.5200498104095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5089421272277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47715848684310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.42596572637557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41923922300338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4175824820995331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40827029943466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.12358134984970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41019-022-00178-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2486411021","display_name":"Data Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2364-1185","issn":["2364-1185","2364-1541"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5388974864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5904781070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71971212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6688104968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"620023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G924152724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210595653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210595653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597082186","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2551361256","https://openalex.org/W2551710909","https://openalex.org/W2741750617","https://openalex.org/W2808284704","https://openalex.org/W2890187992","https://openalex.org/W2903963001","https://openalex.org/W2941929666","https://openalex.org/W2945808722","https://openalex.org/W2949700412","https://openalex.org/W2953054275","https://openalex.org/W2955238243","https://openalex.org/W2962916648","https://openalex.org/W2964263523","https://openalex.org/W2966055354","https://openalex.org/W2970188762","https://openalex.org/W2970503913","https://openalex.org/W2970921796","https://openalex.org/W2971001654","https://openalex.org/W2980525481","https://openalex.org/W2996993961","https://openalex.org/W2997062749","https://openalex.org/W2997102664","https://openalex.org/W3001896264","https://openalex.org/W3012000912","https://openalex.org/W3027211216","https://openalex.org/W3029729116","https://openalex.org/W3030216914","https://openalex.org/W3032567415","https://openalex.org/W3034521981","https://openalex.org/W3034616364","https://openalex.org/W3034906292","https://openalex.org/W3035191547","https://openalex.org/W3075591326","https://openalex.org/W3080506591","https://openalex.org/W3088067452","https://openalex.org/W3088354812","https://openalex.org/W3098583774","https://openalex.org/W3100202075","https://openalex.org/W3101056714","https://openalex.org/W3122741928","https://openalex.org/W3157026315","https://openalex.org/W3157819612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255837520","https://openalex.org/W2387011115","https://openalex.org/W2913363942","https://openalex.org/W2396445622","https://openalex.org/W3151174281","https://openalex.org/W3006227201","https://openalex.org/W3095207550","https://openalex.org/W4210913553","https://openalex.org/W2765782497","https://openalex.org/W4312939522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Entity":[1],"alignment":[2,78,111,163],"(EA)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,23,43,103,124,129,140,181],"discover":[6],"the":[7,55,80,90,119,125,137,149,155,162,168,177,183,218],"equivalent":[8],"entities":[9,62,107],"in":[10,79],"different":[11],"knowledge":[12,25],"graphs":[13],"(KGs).":[14],"It":[15],"is":[16],"a":[17,33,142,194],"pivotal":[18],"step":[19],"for":[20,48,146],"integrating":[21],"KGs":[22],"increase":[24,35],"coverage":[26],"and":[27,58,108,122,160,192,207],"quality.":[28],"Recent":[29],"years":[30],"have":[31],"witnessed":[32],"rapid":[34],"of":[36,93,157,172,179,185,189,220],"EA":[37,197],"frameworks.":[38],"However,":[39],"state-of-the-art":[40],"solutions":[41,201],"tend":[42],"rely":[44],"on":[45],"labeled":[46,205],"data":[47,121,170,206],"model":[49],"training.":[50],"Additionally,":[51],"they":[52],"work":[53],"under":[54],"closed-domain":[56],"setting":[57],"cannot":[59],"deal":[60],"with":[61,136],"that":[63,75,167],"are":[64,116,134,171],"unmatchable.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"these":[68],"deficiencies,":[69],"we":[70,84,96,175],"offer":[71],"an":[72,98,186],"unsupervised":[73,196],"framework":[74,128,152,198],"performs":[76],"entity":[77,100,187],"open":[81],"world.":[82],"Specifically,":[83],"first":[85],"mine":[86],"useful":[87],"features":[88],"from":[89],"side":[91,138],"information":[92,139],"KGs.":[94],"Then,":[95],"devise":[97],"unmatchable":[99,106,212],"prediction":[101],"module":[102],"filter":[104,210],"out":[105,211],"produce":[109],"preliminary":[110,114],"results.":[112],"These":[113],"results":[115],"regarded":[117],"as":[118],"pseudo-labeled":[120,169],"forwarded":[123],"progressive":[126,150],"learning":[127,151],"generate":[130],"structural":[131,158],"representations,":[132],"which":[133],"integrated":[135],"provide":[141],"more":[143],"comprehensive":[144],"view":[145],"alignment.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"gradually":[153],"improves":[154],"quality":[156],"embeddings":[159],"enhances":[161],"performance.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"noticing":[166],"various":[173],"qualities,":[174],"introduce":[176],"concept":[178],"confidence":[180],"measure":[182],"probability":[184],"pair":[188],"being":[190],"true":[191],"develop":[193],"confidence-based":[195],".":[199,223],"Our":[200],"do":[202],"not":[203],"require":[204],"can":[208],"effectively":[209],"entities.":[213],"Comprehensive":[214],"experimental":[215],"evaluations":[216],"validate":[217],"superiority":[219],"our":[221],"proposals":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
