{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163899485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","title":"Towards dependable IoT in remote environments: a stochastic Petri net model for energy-harvesting LoRaMesh router nodes","display_name":"Towards dependable IoT in remote environments: a stochastic Petri net model for energy-harvesting LoRaMesh router nodes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163899485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2475775703","display_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","issn_l":"2199-4668","issn":["2199-4668","2199-4676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138159131","display_name":"Carlos Melo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190085865","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe","ror":"https://ror.org/028ka0n85","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, Sergipe, Brazil","Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, Sergipe, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138192055","display_name":"Lucas Barros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153859","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/03s3m1w94","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Barros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270","https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015073680","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Rezende","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153859","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/03s3m1w94","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Rezende","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270","https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125591190","display_name":"Jean Araujo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190085865","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe","ror":"https://ror.org/028ka0n85","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153859","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/03s3m1w94","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}],"countries":["BR","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal","Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, Sergipe, Brazil","Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, Sergipe, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190085865"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270","https://openalex.org/I4387153859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5138159131"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190085865","https://openalex.org/I71437568"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88773619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependability","display_name":"Dependability","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-block-diagram","display_name":"Reliability block diagram","score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petri-net","display_name":"Petri net","score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.38670000433921814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18074226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310986","display_name":"Reliability block diagram","level":3,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197551870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617809","display_name":"Stochastic Petri net","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2475775703","display_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","issn_l":"2199-4668","issn":["2199-4668","2199-4676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40860-026-00270-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2475775703","display_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","issn_l":"2199-4668","issn":["2199-4668","2199-4676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6742945313453674,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163899485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7163899485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996109622","https://openalex.org/W2041988397","https://openalex.org/W2046370161","https://openalex.org/W2087910933","https://openalex.org/W2115723310","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2595511394","https://openalex.org/W2795262473","https://openalex.org/W2963218670","https://openalex.org/W2969480753","https://openalex.org/W2976744022","https://openalex.org/W2989974604","https://openalex.org/W3046834032","https://openalex.org/W3139226909","https://openalex.org/W4320485663","https://openalex.org/W4389613271","https://openalex.org/W4390002238","https://openalex.org/W4402467503","https://openalex.org/W4405314364","https://openalex.org/W4415745581","https://openalex.org/W4416223398","https://openalex.org/W7124958614","https://openalex.org/W7134246811"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Remote":[1],"sensor":[2],"deployments":[3],"often":[4],"suffer":[5],"from":[6],"limited":[7],"maintenance":[8],"and":[9,95,162,166],"connectivity":[10,58],"issues":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,55,91,149],"adverse":[14],"environmental":[15,29,157],"conditions.":[16,132],"Consequently,":[17],"sensors":[18],"are":[19],"frequently":[20],"in":[21,25,28,59,140,175],"short":[22],"supply,":[23],"resulting":[24],"critical":[26,70],"gaps":[27],"data":[30],"collection.":[31],"Low-Power":[32],"Wide-Area":[33],"Network":[34],"(LPWAN)":[35],"protocols":[36],"address":[37],"these":[38],"challenges":[39],"by":[40,147],"enabling":[41],"long-range,":[42],"low-energy":[43],"communication.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,78],"context,":[47],"LoRaMesh":[48,101,172],"networks":[49],"rely":[50],"on":[51,159],"autonomous":[52,100],"router":[53,102,173],"nodes":[54,67,174],"maintain":[56],"multi-hop":[57],"remote":[60,177],"environments.":[61,178],"Therefore,":[62],"the":[63,93,113,122,154],"dependability":[64,94],"of":[65,98,156],"individual":[66],"becomes":[68],"a":[69,82,137],"factor":[71],"for":[72,169],"sustaining":[73],"reliable":[74],"network":[75],"operation.":[76],"To":[77],"end,":[79],"we":[80],"develop":[81],"formal":[83],"modeling":[84],"approach":[85],"using":[86],"stochastic":[87],"Petri":[88],"nets":[89],"(SPN)":[90],"evaluate":[92],"energy-driven":[96],"availability":[97,118,146],"an":[99,126],"node":[103,115],"equipped":[104],"with":[105,121],"multiple":[106],"energy":[107],"sources.":[108],"The":[109],"results":[110],"indicate":[111],"that":[112,136],"modeled":[114],"maintains":[116],"steady-state":[117],"above":[119],"98%,":[120],"battery":[123],"serving":[124],"as":[125],"effective":[127],"buffer":[128],"even":[129],"under":[130],"cloudy":[131],"Sensitivity":[133],"analysis":[134],"reveals":[135],"50%":[138],"reduction":[139],"solar":[141],"charging":[142],"capacity":[143],"can":[144],"decrease":[145],"up":[148],"15%.":[150],"These":[151],"findings":[152],"highlight":[153],"impact":[155],"factors":[158],"hardware":[160],"reliability":[161],"provide":[163],"design":[164],"guidelines":[165],"quantitative":[167],"assurance":[168],"prototyping":[170],"resilient":[171],"unpredictable":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T06:17:36.459440","created_date":"2026-06-09T00:00:00"}
