{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416677951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","title":"Vulnerability disclosure through adaptive black-box adversarial attacks in network intrusion detection systems","display_name":"Vulnerability disclosure through adaptive black-box adversarial attacks in network intrusion detection systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416677951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119359522","display_name":"Sabrine Ennaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5119-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sabrine Ennaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5119-3467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119849583","display_name":"Elhadj Benkhelifa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elhadj Benkhelifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046905749","display_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Vincenzo Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119359522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":2.8166,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9221621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4691999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.4691999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.210099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.04190000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6335999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.3944999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6335999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9b6446d5b1c4e48b9a1509018552879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9b6446d5b1c4e48b9a1509018552879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-27 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02115-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1182916637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20229BCXNW (CUP B53D23012910006)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322510","display_name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416677951.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2586047144","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2886533716","https://openalex.org/W2889836475","https://openalex.org/W2912999925","https://openalex.org/W2959169310","https://openalex.org/W2962711307","https://openalex.org/W2964275709","https://openalex.org/W2987019399","https://openalex.org/W3005692341","https://openalex.org/W3006008420","https://openalex.org/W3007481080","https://openalex.org/W3015625436","https://openalex.org/W3017217726","https://openalex.org/W3042565595","https://openalex.org/W3116515605","https://openalex.org/W3134622107","https://openalex.org/W3168146198","https://openalex.org/W3198511875","https://openalex.org/W3205985117","https://openalex.org/W3216768217","https://openalex.org/W4206331418","https://openalex.org/W4206463926","https://openalex.org/W4210598630","https://openalex.org/W4220916459","https://openalex.org/W4224312132","https://openalex.org/W4226030621","https://openalex.org/W4295136046","https://openalex.org/W4296340047","https://openalex.org/W4318815561","https://openalex.org/W4321162134","https://openalex.org/W4321497442","https://openalex.org/W4323545679","https://openalex.org/W4323830151","https://openalex.org/W4362587694","https://openalex.org/W4367016885","https://openalex.org/W4382281637","https://openalex.org/W4386076145","https://openalex.org/W4387427776","https://openalex.org/W4391097056","https://openalex.org/W4391714964","https://openalex.org/W4392133490","https://openalex.org/W4394851017","https://openalex.org/W4400978088","https://openalex.org/W4401076675","https://openalex.org/W4401567590","https://openalex.org/W4405721686","https://openalex.org/W4406418224","https://openalex.org/W4408962680","https://openalex.org/W4409366812","https://openalex.org/W4409473631","https://openalex.org/W4410076425","https://openalex.org/W4410809650","https://openalex.org/W4412106728","https://openalex.org/W4412106740","https://openalex.org/W4413349856"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Adversarial":[1],"attacks,":[2],"wherein":[3],"slight":[4],"inputs":[5],"are":[6],"carefully":[7],"crafted":[8],"to":[9,60,100,121],"mislead":[10],"intelligent":[11],"models,":[12],"have":[13],"attracted":[14],"increasing":[15],"attention.":[16],"However,":[17],"a":[18,68,173],"critical":[19],"gap":[20],"persists":[21],"between":[22],"theoretical":[23],"advancements":[24],"and":[25,49,103,118,123,136,155],"practical":[26],"application,":[27],"particularly":[28],"in":[29,44,52,146,157,167],"structured":[30],"data":[31],"like":[32],"network":[33,168],"traffic,":[34,169],"where":[35],"interdependent":[36],"features":[37,126],"complicate":[38],"effective":[39],"adversarial":[40,63,73,165],"manipulations.":[41],"Moreover,":[42],"ambiguity":[43],"current":[45],"approaches":[46],"restricts":[47],"reproducibility":[48],"limits":[50],"progress":[51],"this":[53,170],"field.":[54],"Hence,":[55],"existing":[56],"defenses":[57],"often":[58,83],"fail":[59],"handle":[61],"evolving":[62],"attacks.":[64],"This":[65,129],"paper":[66],"proposes":[67],"novel":[69],"approach":[70],"for":[71,127,175],"black-box":[72,96],"attacks":[74,166],"that":[75],"addresses":[76],"these":[77],"limitations.":[78],"Unlike":[79],"prior":[80],"work,":[81],"which":[82],"assumes":[84],"system":[85],"access":[86],"or":[87],"relies":[88],"on":[89],"repeated":[90],"probing,":[91],"our":[92],"method":[93],"strictly":[94],"respects":[95],"constraints,":[97],"reducing":[98],"interaction":[99],"avoid":[101],"detection":[102,117,148],"better":[104],"reflect":[105],"real-world":[106,158],"scenarios.":[107,159],"We":[108],"present":[109],"an":[110],"adaptive":[111],"feature":[112],"selection":[113],"strategy":[114],"using":[115],"change-point":[116],"causality":[119],"analysis":[120],"identify":[122],"target":[124],"sensitive":[125],"perturbation.":[128],"lightweight":[130],"design":[131],"ensures":[132],"low":[133],"computational":[134],"cost":[135],"high":[137],"deployability.":[138],"Our":[139],"comprehensive":[140],"experiments":[141],"show":[142],"the":[143,162],"attack\u2019s":[144],"effectiveness":[145],"evading":[147],"with":[149],"minimal":[150],"interaction,":[151],"enhancing":[152],"its":[153],"adaptability":[154],"applicability":[156],"By":[160],"advancing":[161],"understanding":[163],"of":[164],"work":[171],"lays":[172],"foundation":[174],"developing":[176],"robust":[177],"defenses.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}