{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412913117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","title":"Advancing EEG-based biometric identification through multi-modal data fusion and deep learning techniques","display_name":"Advancing EEG-based biometric identification through multi-modal data fusion and deep learning techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412913117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068727023","display_name":"Touseef Ur Rehman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Touseef Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065276883","display_name":"Madallah Alruwaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-5730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Madallah Alruwaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041711498","display_name":"Muhammad Hameed Siddiqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4370-8012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hameed Siddiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032105945","display_name":"Yousef Alhwaiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-2292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yousef Alhwaiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102909518","display_name":"Sajid Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7759-1932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047996342","display_name":"Zahid Halim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094-3483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Halim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliu, 64002, Yunlin, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliu, 64002, Yunlin, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083950716","display_name":"Maaz Alam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5400463","display_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sb6ek09","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maaz Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5400463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047996342","https://openalex.org/A5065276883"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508","https://openalex.org/I75357094"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":6.942,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97188602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8314950466156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.6914554238319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6338510513305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6141650676727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5850087404251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5782737731933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5685608386993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4805622398853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37547409534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3451285660266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09408900141716003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8314950466156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6914554238319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6338510513305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6141650676727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5850087404251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5782737731933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5685608386993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4805622398853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37547409534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3451285660266876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09408900141716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:264909631cef405e9b3af495be9a3d44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/264909631cef405e9b3af495be9a3d44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 9, Pp 1-19 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02012-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412913117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412913117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72259722","https://openalex.org/W1525254066","https://openalex.org/W1980837896","https://openalex.org/W1986197724","https://openalex.org/W2025758384","https://openalex.org/W2027591484","https://openalex.org/W2063483288","https://openalex.org/W2067445833","https://openalex.org/W2127589108","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2181315643","https://openalex.org/W2510940142","https://openalex.org/W2521878393","https://openalex.org/W2572879908","https://openalex.org/W2605443888","https://openalex.org/W2606073881","https://openalex.org/W2755600035","https://openalex.org/W2798670482","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962905870","https://openalex.org/W2970421248","https://openalex.org/W2979117328","https://openalex.org/W3007593444","https://openalex.org/W3017974589","https://openalex.org/W3035471470","https://openalex.org/W3080427797","https://openalex.org/W3120841931","https://openalex.org/W3160554450","https://openalex.org/W3191630664","https://openalex.org/W4296941266","https://openalex.org/W4311666886","https://openalex.org/W4372286532","https://openalex.org/W4372295664","https://openalex.org/W4401362666","https://openalex.org/W4408156046","https://openalex.org/W4408200262","https://openalex.org/W4408473422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2095239294","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W3212688212","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W2381300099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integration":[1,144],"of":[2,14,48,72,86,134,141,158,172,177,189,196],"diverse":[3,116,180],"data":[4,31,88,103,125,143,160,181,198],"modalities":[5],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"for":[8,29],"advancing":[9],"the":[10,68,83,95,98,139,156,169,186,193],"understanding":[11],"and":[12,27,40,45,61,70,162,206],"optimization":[13],"complex":[15,151],"systems.":[16,75],"In":[17,94],"this":[18,165],"context,":[19],"EEG-based":[20,73,190],"biometric":[21,74,131],"identification":[22],"represents":[23],"a":[24,43,107,130],"unique":[25],"challenge":[26],"opportunity":[28],"multi-modal":[30,159,197],"fusion.":[32],"EEG":[33,64,87],"signals,":[34],"characterized":[35],"by":[36],"their":[37],"high":[38],"complexity":[39],"variability,":[41],"offer":[42],"non-intrusive":[44],"reliable":[46],"means":[47],"individual":[49],"identification.":[50],"This":[51,127],"work":[52,166],"proposes":[53],"an":[54],"advanced":[55],"deep":[56,163],"learning-based":[57],"framework":[58],"to":[59,81,121,123,136,168,179],"extract":[60],"analyze":[62],"distinctive":[63],"frequency":[65],"patterns,":[66],"enhancing":[67],"accuracy":[69,133],"robustness":[71],"Two":[76],"experimental":[77],"setups":[78],"were":[79],"designed":[80],"evaluate":[82],"intelligent":[84,142],"fusion":[85],"across":[89,115],"varied":[90],"brain":[91],"activity":[92],"tasks.":[93],"first":[96],"setup,":[97],"model":[99],"was":[100],"trained":[101],"on":[102,112],"from":[104],"subjects":[105],"performing":[106],"single":[108],"task,":[109],"then":[110],"assessed":[111],"its":[113,119],"generalization":[114],"tasks,":[117],"demonstrating":[118],"ability":[120],"adapt":[122],"heterogeneous":[124],"streams.":[126],"methodology":[128],"achieved":[129],"recognition":[132],"up":[135],"99%,":[137],"highlighting":[138],"potential":[140,188],"techniques":[145],"in":[146,203],"uncovering":[147],"hidden":[148],"patterns":[149],"within":[150,192],"physiological":[152],"data.":[153],"By":[154],"leveraging":[155],"synergy":[157],"analysis":[161],"learning,":[164],"contributes":[167],"broader":[170,194],"objective":[171],"developing":[173],"self-organizing":[174],"systems":[175],"capable":[176],"adapting":[178],"sources.":[182],"These":[183],"findings":[184],"underscore":[185],"transformative":[187],"biometrics":[191],"domain":[195],"fusion,":[199],"offering":[200],"promising":[201],"applications":[202],"healthcare,":[204],"security,":[205],"beyond.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}