{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413076674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","title":"A new genetic programming approach to fine-grained flower image classification","display_name":"A new genetic programming approach to fine-grained flower image classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413076674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108112878","display_name":"Qinyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6192-0699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076701363","display_name":"Ying Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-6067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077569089","display_name":"Bing Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-8026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengjie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence & School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108112878"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":2.2283,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90056573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.745470404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.7380768060684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5302305817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5088396668434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4682784080505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.345791220664978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.745470404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.7380768060684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302305817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5088396668434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4682784080505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.345791220664978}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79c7444853b94aeaa2b68d44940b2bfa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79c7444853b94aeaa2b68d44940b2bfa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 9, Pp 1-20 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02004-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1259549522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW1914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2527478999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981853549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW2115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316156","funder_display_name":"New Zealand Government"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3000982522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTVU1914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4463982181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M743185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5000515651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW1913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316156","funder_display_name":"New Zealand Government"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5030940285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5144686273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW2115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5426661128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW1913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","funder_display_name":"Marsden Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6709296546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C09X1923","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6908269673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VUW1914","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316156","funder_display_name":"New Zealand Government"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7551590009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M743185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316156","display_name":"New Zealand Government","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3jxv31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329501","display_name":"Serono Symposia International Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","display_name":"Marsden Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413076674.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413076674.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1426511931","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1978818813","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1999290073","https://openalex.org/W2006982476","https://openalex.org/W2027649639","https://openalex.org/W2039875163","https://openalex.org/W2069036068","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115770731","https://openalex.org/W2121238376","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2150856297","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2278789402","https://openalex.org/W2380925912","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2593585882","https://openalex.org/W2603025843","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2797908940","https://openalex.org/W3010358965","https://openalex.org/W3016719582","https://openalex.org/W3034429256","https://openalex.org/W3036020790","https://openalex.org/W3037626565","https://openalex.org/W3113272803","https://openalex.org/W3113351803","https://openalex.org/W3127643078","https://openalex.org/W4214817912","https://openalex.org/W4232714830","https://openalex.org/W4252840825","https://openalex.org/W4310748417","https://openalex.org/W4321021073","https://openalex.org/W4387712938","https://openalex.org/W4391656827","https://openalex.org/W4405756528","https://openalex.org/W4406682414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2968285896","https://openalex.org/W206299888","https://openalex.org/W2102997898","https://openalex.org/W2549153708","https://openalex.org/W2140816515","https://openalex.org/W2381504162","https://openalex.org/W4285805598","https://openalex.org/W4318240128","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fine-grained":[0],"flower":[1,57,61],"image":[2,90,100],"classification":[3],"(FGFIC)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,22,30,34,39],"challenging":[7],"task":[8],"in":[9,88,135,151],"computer":[10],"vision":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,27,51],"intra-class":[14],"variations":[15],"and":[16,38,58,63,66,91,109,122,149,154],"inter-class":[17],"similarities.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"proposes":[21],"new":[23,31,35,40],"genetic":[24],"programming-based":[25],"approach":[26,45,129],"FGFIC,":[28],"including":[29],"program":[32],"structure,":[33],"function":[36],"set,":[37],"terminal":[41],"set.":[42],"The":[43,77,98,112],"proposed":[44,128],"could":[46],"automatically":[47],"enhance":[48],"the":[49,53,56,68,86,103,127,141,146],"images":[50],"highlight":[52],"flowers,":[54],"localize":[55],"detect":[59],"discriminative":[60,94],"regions,":[62],"effectively":[64],"extract":[65],"combine":[67],"flower\u2019s":[69],"global,":[70],"local,":[71],"and/or":[72],"color":[73],"features":[74],"for":[75],"classification.":[76],"regions":[78],"detected":[79],"by":[80],"this":[81],"method":[82],"are":[83],"based":[84],"on":[85,115],"flowers":[87],"each":[89],"thus":[92],"contain":[93],"information":[95],"about":[96],"flowers.":[97],"RGB":[99],"input":[101],"improves":[102],"performance":[104,134],"of":[105,120,145],"effective":[106],"region":[107],"detection":[108],"feature":[110],"extraction.":[111],"experimental":[113],"results":[114],"datasets":[116],"with":[117,158],"different":[118],"numbers":[119],"classes":[121],"varying":[123],"difficulty":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"has":[130],"achieved":[131],"significantly":[132],"better":[133],"most":[136],"comparisons.":[137],"Further":[138],"analysis":[139],"demonstrates":[140],"potential":[142],"high":[143],"interpretability":[144],"evolved":[147],"programs,":[148],"improvements":[150],"computational":[152],"cost":[153],"searching":[155],"efficiency":[156],"compared":[157],"other":[159],"Genetic":[160],"Programming":[161],"methods.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
