{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408507522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","title":"A lightweight vision transformer with weighted global average pooling: implications for IoMT applications","display_name":"A lightweight vision transformer with weighted global average pooling: implications for IoMT applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408507522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087807126","display_name":"Huiyao Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7371-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173089394","display_name":"ITMO University","ror":"https://ror.org/04txgxn49","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173089394"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huiyao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Security, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Security, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173089394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033986640","display_name":"Igor Kotenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6859-7120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142628","display_name":"Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/047pt5178","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210142628","https://openalex.org/I4210164537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Kotenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Security Problems, St.Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPCRAS), St Petersburg, Russia","School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Security Problems, St.Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPCRAS), St Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032029055","display_name":"Shimin Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9306-9677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shimin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087807126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173089394"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":2.2838,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87379007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.8168017268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.7889922857284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5280020236968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47013598680496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.338440477848053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.8168017268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.7889922857284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5280020236968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47013598680496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.338440477848053}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3a2581f27f64b8589387b6f6e759740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3a2581f27f64b8589387b6f6e759740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 5, Pp 1-19 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01842-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G577891981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51974276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408507522.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591261915","https://openalex.org/W2107686700","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2954400529","https://openalex.org/W2961396908","https://openalex.org/W2963855133","https://openalex.org/W2991372685","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W3006086117","https://openalex.org/W3121732873","https://openalex.org/W3137278571","https://openalex.org/W3166908170","https://openalex.org/W3173365702","https://openalex.org/W3174851698","https://openalex.org/W3203701986","https://openalex.org/W3204255739","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4293163051","https://openalex.org/W4312872526","https://openalex.org/W4315605908","https://openalex.org/W4384937010","https://openalex.org/W4385764452","https://openalex.org/W4386076553","https://openalex.org/W4386083119","https://openalex.org/W4386275863","https://openalex.org/W4386498911","https://openalex.org/W4400856205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"Transformers":[1],"(ViTs)":[2],"have":[3],"garnered":[4],"significant":[5],"interest":[6],"for":[7],"analysing":[8],"medical":[9,120,158],"images":[10],"in":[11,29,142,168],"Internet":[12],"of":[13,37,72,166],"Medical":[14],"Things":[15],"(IoMT)":[16],"systems":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,22,43,67,136],"their":[20],"ability":[21],"capture":[23],"global":[24,80],"context.":[25],"However,":[26],"deploying":[27],"ViTs":[28,167],"resource-constrained":[30],"IoMT":[31,170],"environments":[32],"requires":[33],"addressing":[34],"the":[35,69,73,110,115,137,151,164],"challenge":[36],"adapting":[38],"these":[39],"computationally":[40],"intensive":[41],"models":[42],"meet":[44],"device":[45],"limitations":[46],"while":[47],"maintaining":[48],"efficiency.":[49,147],"To":[50],"tackle":[51],"this":[52],"issue,":[53],"we":[54],"introduce":[55],"LightAMViT,":[56],"a":[57],"lightweight":[58],"attention":[59,88],"mechanism-enhanced":[60],"ViT,":[61],"which":[62],"incorporates":[63],"K-means":[64],"clustering":[65],"layers":[66],"reduce":[68],"computational":[70,146],"complexity":[71],"self-attention":[74],"matrix,":[75],"along":[76],"with":[77],"an":[78,99],"optimized":[79],"average":[81],"pooling":[82],"layer":[83],"that":[84,103],"leverages":[85],"all":[86],"stacked":[87],"block":[89],"outputs,":[90],"each":[91],"weighted":[92],"by":[93,107],"learnable":[94],"parameters.":[95],"Additionally,":[96],"it":[97],"employs":[98],"adaptive":[100],"learning":[101,111],"strategy":[102],"facilitates":[104],"faster":[105],"convergence":[106],"dynamically":[108],"adjusting":[109],"rate.":[112],"We":[113],"evaluate":[114],"proposed":[116],"technique":[117],"on":[118],"two":[119],"image":[121,159],"datasets:":[122],"BUSI":[123],"and":[124,131,145,154],"ISIC2020.":[125],"Our":[126],"model":[127],"outperforms":[128],"conventional":[129],"CNNs":[130],"demonstrates":[132],"competitive":[133],"performance":[134],"compared":[135],"original":[138],"ViTs,":[139],"showcasing":[140],"improvements":[141],"both":[143],"accuracy":[144],"These":[148],"findings":[149],"indicate":[150],"model\u2019s":[152],"robustness":[153],"generalisation":[155],"across":[156],"various":[157],"analysis":[160],"tasks,":[161],"thereby":[162],"enhancing":[163],"applicability":[165],"resource-limited":[169],"devices.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
