{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408088142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","title":"Small sample smart contract vulnerability detection method based on multi-layer feature fusion","display_name":"Small sample smart contract vulnerability detection method based on multi-layer feature fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408088142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101003136","display_name":"Jinlin Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9035-1927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinlin Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079355574","display_name":"Yaqiong He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-5787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqiong He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083598663","display_name":"Huaiguang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-1194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaiguang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101003136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":9.9426,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97294452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9049999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.6866341829299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6135932207107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5321031808853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5109288096427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4761105477809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4699031710624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4141082465648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4082908034324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3624086380004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3095112442970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2669828236103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.09835642576217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08926454186439514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6866341829299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6135932207107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5321031808853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5109288096427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4761105477809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4699031710624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4141082465648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4082908034324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3624086380004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3095112442970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2669828236103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.09835642576217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08926454186439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41649099d17a43568d72513fbf0d6f5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41649099d17a43568d72513fbf0d6f5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 4, Pp 1-26 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-01782-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6492466871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KLCS20240302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335628","funder_display_name":"Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7216562700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335628","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408088142.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2885030880","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2948947170","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982275082","https://openalex.org/W2998230451","https://openalex.org/W3005065812","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3098149161","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3122543528","https://openalex.org/W3125989628","https://openalex.org/W3170092793","https://openalex.org/W3172675210","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3195390991","https://openalex.org/W3199463718","https://openalex.org/W3202548348","https://openalex.org/W3216270236","https://openalex.org/W4224316567","https://openalex.org/W4226209105","https://openalex.org/W4229376650","https://openalex.org/W4229815470","https://openalex.org/W4248622108","https://openalex.org/W4312095739","https://openalex.org/W4328028620","https://openalex.org/W4366809066","https://openalex.org/W4367047249","https://openalex.org/W4385606719","https://openalex.org/W4388722144","https://openalex.org/W4390331543","https://openalex.org/W4399796004","https://openalex.org/W6601399257","https://openalex.org/W6602680078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2736674626","https://openalex.org/W2973875853","https://openalex.org/W2095999892","https://openalex.org/W2018764758","https://openalex.org/W2383689843","https://openalex.org/W1550668881","https://openalex.org/W617913288","https://openalex.org/W2062873522","https://openalex.org/W2319323865","https://openalex.org/W2951745010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181,202],"identification":[1,197],"of":[2,25,55,81,93,101,109,120,193,207],"vulnerabilities":[3],"in":[4,22,32,106,178],"smart":[5,26,110,141,164,194],"contracts":[6,165],"is":[7,71,97,116],"necessary":[8],"for":[9,209,213,219],"ensuring":[10],"their":[11],"security.":[12],"As":[13],"a":[14,67,117,152],"pre-trained":[15],"language":[16],"model,":[17],"BERT":[18],"has":[19,36,174],"been":[20,176],"employed":[21],"the":[23,47,52,79,91,98,107,136,167,179,186,191],"detection":[24],"contract":[27,111,122,142,195],"vulnerabilities,":[28,211,216,221],"exhibiting":[29],"high":[30,146],"accuracy":[31],"tasks.":[33],"However,":[34],"it":[35],"certain":[37],"limitations.":[38],"Existing":[39],"methods":[40],"solely":[41],"depend":[42],"on":[43,87],"features":[44,56,83,127],"extracted":[45],"from":[46,57,84],"final":[48],"layer,":[49],"thereby":[50],"disregarding":[51],"potential":[53],"contribution":[54],"other":[58,85,200],"layers.":[59],"To":[60,90,170],"address":[61],"these":[62],"issues,":[63],"this":[64,96,172],"paper":[65],"proposes":[66],"novel":[68],"method,":[69],"which":[70,128,222],"named":[72],"multi-layer":[73,102],"feature":[74,103,159],"fusion":[75,105],"(MULF).":[76],"Experiments":[77],"investigate":[78],"impact":[80],"utilizing":[82],"layers":[86],"performance":[88,192],"improvement.":[89],"best":[92],"our":[94],"knowledge,":[95],"first":[99],"instance":[100],"sequence":[104],"field":[108],"vulnerability":[112,126,143,196],"detection.":[113],"Furthermore,":[114],"there":[115],"special":[118,163],"type":[119],"patched":[121],"code":[123],"that":[124,156,185],"contains":[125],"need":[129],"to":[130,134,199],"be":[131],"studied.":[132],"Therefore,":[133],"overcome":[135],"challenges":[137],"posed":[138],"by":[139,229],"limited":[140],"datasets":[144],"and":[145,217],"false":[147],"positive":[148],"rates,":[149],"we":[150],"introduce":[151],"data":[153],"augmentation":[154],"technique":[155],"incorporates":[157],"function":[158],"screening":[160],"with":[161],"those":[162,227],"into":[166],"training":[168],"set.":[169],"date,":[171],"method":[173],"not":[175],"reported":[177],"literature.":[180],"experimental":[182],"results":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"MULF":[187,203],"model":[188,204],"significantly":[189,224],"enhances":[190],"compared":[198],"models.":[201],"achieved":[205,228],"accuracies":[206],"98.95%":[208],"reentrancy":[210],"96.27%":[212],"timestamp":[214],"dependency":[215],"87.40%":[218],"overflow":[220],"are":[223],"higher":[225],"than":[226],"existing":[230],"methods.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}