{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405896457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","title":"Mining label-free consistency regularization for noisy facial expression recognition","display_name":"Mining label-free consistency regularization for noisy facial expression recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405896457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103202581","display_name":"Yumei Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yumei Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101715830","display_name":"Haiying Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiying Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025660318","display_name":"Shuxiang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxiang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103202581"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":0.2536,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57712045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.6611438989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.599656879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5511021614074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5181487798690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5157973766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.506100594997406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4827948808670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.46783673763275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38031676411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3330601155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32732993364334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.2197950780391693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6611438989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.599656879901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5511021614074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5181487798690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5157973766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.506100594997406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4827948808670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.46783673763275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38031676411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3330601155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32732993364334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2197950780391693}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:838ea8c7d9334a3e85eaf73dda675c27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/838ea8c7d9334a3e85eaf73dda675c27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01722-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G602852661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62106054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8525241642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62366006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8868799272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62167001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405896457.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405896457.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1967282267","https://openalex.org/W2014713986","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120945046","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2335152821","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2436394355","https://openalex.org/W2481681431","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2896277673","https://openalex.org/W2896983363","https://openalex.org/W2902598059","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2934832377","https://openalex.org/W2948606739","https://openalex.org/W2963140444","https://openalex.org/W2982153880","https://openalex.org/W3000577085","https://openalex.org/W3003720578","https://openalex.org/W3034185248","https://openalex.org/W3034504038","https://openalex.org/W3035336958","https://openalex.org/W3035437068","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3118405827","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3121661476","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3154541964","https://openalex.org/W3163585031","https://openalex.org/W3171635822","https://openalex.org/W3173787706","https://openalex.org/W3179103990","https://openalex.org/W3184571633","https://openalex.org/W3186105911","https://openalex.org/W3186421317","https://openalex.org/W3189369550","https://openalex.org/W3190486510","https://openalex.org/W3205655893","https://openalex.org/W3209798173","https://openalex.org/W3212313662","https://openalex.org/W4226368482","https://openalex.org/W4309617229","https://openalex.org/W4312305885","https://openalex.org/W4312311075","https://openalex.org/W4312465353","https://openalex.org/W4312823769","https://openalex.org/W4313116580","https://openalex.org/W4313132476","https://openalex.org/W4313555039","https://openalex.org/W4316660726","https://openalex.org/W4319300140","https://openalex.org/W4372269197","https://openalex.org/W4380520382","https://openalex.org/W4385801511","https://openalex.org/W4386076354","https://openalex.org/W4393235727","https://openalex.org/W6825765220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205986151","https://openalex.org/W2355913164","https://openalex.org/W2162992774","https://openalex.org/W1153638794","https://openalex.org/W2168968280","https://openalex.org/W2901126000","https://openalex.org/W4323520705","https://openalex.org/W2116055069","https://openalex.org/W2356663679","https://openalex.org/W3027190010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Noisy":[0],"labels":[1],"are":[2],"unavoidable":[3],"in":[4,14,127,139],"facial":[5,123,210],"expression":[6,211],"recognition":[7],"(FER)":[8],"task,":[9],"significantly":[10],"hindering":[11],"FER":[12],"performance":[13,45,203],"real-world":[15],"scenarios.":[16],"Recent":[17],"advances":[18],"tackle":[19],"this":[20,67],"problem":[21],"by":[22,63,157],"leveraging":[23],"uncertainty":[24],"for":[25],"sample":[26],"partitioning":[27],"or":[28],"constructing":[29],"label":[30],"distributions.":[31],"However,":[32],"these":[33,183],"approaches":[34],"primarily":[35],"depend":[36],"on":[37,206,224],"labels,":[38,229],"leading":[39],"to":[40,82,116,149,167],"confirmation":[41,60],"bias":[42,61,155],"issues":[43],"and":[44,54,105,153,192,216,233],"degradation.":[46],"We":[47],"argue":[48],"that":[49,72],"mining":[50,74],"both":[51],"label-independent":[52],"features":[53],"label-dependent":[55],"information":[56,120],"can":[57,189],"mitigate":[58],"the":[59,133,151,163,170,174,180,201],"induced":[62,156],"noisy":[64,87,158,228],"labels.":[65,88,159],"In":[66],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,110,161],"propose":[70],"MCR,":[71],"is,":[73],"simple":[75],"yet":[76],"effective":[77],"label-free":[78,94,185],"consistency":[79,95,99,103,107,114,145,165,186],"regularization":[80,115,146,166],"(MCR)":[81],"learn":[83,117,190],"robust":[84,193],"representations":[85,194],"against":[86,176,195],"The":[89],"proposed":[90],"MCR":[91,188,205,219],"incorporates":[92],"three":[93,184,207],"regularizations:":[96],"instance-level":[97,112,118],"embedding":[98,113],"regularization,":[100,104],"pairwise":[101,143],"distance":[102,144],"neighbour":[106,164],"regularization.":[108],"Initially,":[109],"employ":[111],"discriminative":[119,171,191],"from":[121,179],"identical":[122],"samples":[124],"under":[125],"perturbations":[126],"an":[128],"unsupervised":[129],"manner.":[130],"This":[131],"facilitates":[132],"efficacy":[134],"of":[135,173,182,204],"mitigating":[136],"inherent":[137],"noise":[138],"data.":[140],"Subsequently,":[141],"a":[142],"is":[147],"constructed":[148],"regularize":[150],"classifier":[152],"alleviate":[154],"Finally,":[160],"use":[162],"further":[168],"strengthen":[169],"capability":[172,223],"model":[175],"noise.":[177,196],"Benefiting":[178],"advantages":[181],"regularizations,":[187],"Extensive":[197],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"demonstrate":[200],"superior":[202,221],"popular":[208],"in-the-wild":[209],"datasets,":[212],"including":[213],"RAF-DB,":[214],"FERPlus,":[215],"AffectNet.":[217],"Moreover,":[218],"demonstrates":[220],"generalization":[222],"other":[225],"datasets":[226],"with":[227],"such":[230],"as":[231],"CIFAR100":[232],"Tiny-ImageNet.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}