{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405592778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","title":"T-LLaMA: a Tibetan large language model based on LLaMA2","display_name":"T-LLaMA: a Tibetan large language model based on LLaMA2","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405592778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080592802","display_name":"Hui Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-3556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145897649","display_name":"Minzu University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0044e2g62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115549971","display_name":"Chi Pu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007390575","display_name":"La Duo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-7152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20616075","display_name":"Qinghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03az1t892","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"La Duo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligent Information Processing and Application, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20616075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439110","display_name":"Li Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-627X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100604365","display_name":"Qingguo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-5446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingguo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031318875","display_name":"Jun Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-7140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080592802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145897649","https://openalex.org/I76214153"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":0.6796,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77224442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.5255985260009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40356481075286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3954063653945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.336517333984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28579437732696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07337296009063721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5255985260009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40356481075286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3954063653945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.336517333984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28579437732696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07337296009063721}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2693417246c046dd9201b988300ece81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2693417246c046dd9201b988300ece81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01641-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1300693155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","funder_display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3981389507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62266037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5936675399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","funder_display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405592778.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405592778.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2150824314","https://openalex.org/W2763150156","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W3168656614","https://openalex.org/W4200380247","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4285807172","https://openalex.org/W4301184378","https://openalex.org/W4309374440","https://openalex.org/W4378830714","https://openalex.org/W4385569780","https://openalex.org/W4385570293","https://openalex.org/W4389520455","https://openalex.org/W4392255640","https://openalex.org/W4402604703","https://openalex.org/W6600103761","https://openalex.org/W6600445788","https://openalex.org/W6601141708","https://openalex.org/W6602752192","https://openalex.org/W6606545560","https://openalex.org/W6607919353","https://openalex.org/W6636568255","https://openalex.org/W6702248584","https://openalex.org/W6816558821","https://openalex.org/W6826116265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,210],"advent":[1],"of":[2,80,96,118,133],"ChatGPT":[3],"and":[4,28,72,145],"GPT-4":[5],"has":[6],"generated":[7,135],"substantial":[8],"interest":[9],"in":[10,19,42,140,160,168,186,205],"large":[11],"language":[12,158,163,190],"model":[13,57,159,191,212],"(LLM)":[14],"research,":[15],"showcasing":[16],"remarkable":[17],"performance":[18],"various":[20],"applications":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23,154,196],"conversation":[24],"systems,":[25],"machine":[26],"translation,":[27],"research":[29,44],"paper":[30],"summarization.":[31,75],"However,":[32],"their":[33],"efficacy":[34],"diminishes":[35],"when":[36],"applied":[37],"to":[38],"low-resource":[39],"languages,":[40],"particularly":[41],"academic":[43],"contexts":[45],"like":[46],"Tibetan.":[47],"In":[48,129],"this":[49,180],"study,":[50],"we":[51,82,92],"trained":[52,176],"Tibetan":[53,85,104,125,161,188,207],"LLaMA":[54],"(T-LLaMA),":[55],"a":[56,84,114,121],"based":[58],"on":[59,120],"efficient":[60],"pre-training":[61],"technology":[62],"for":[63,199],"three":[64],"downstream":[65],"tasks:":[66],"text":[67,70,74,110,143,146],"classification,":[68],"news":[69,142],"generation":[71,144],"automatic":[73],"To":[76,149],"address":[77],"the":[78,94,103,109,155,169,187,206],"lack":[79],"corpus,":[81],"constructed":[83],"dataset":[86,124],"comprising":[87],"2.2":[88],"billion":[89,170],"characters.":[90],"Furthermore,":[91],"augmented":[93],"vocabulary":[95,105],"LLaMA2":[97],"from":[98],"META":[99],"AI":[100],"by":[101],"expanding":[102],"using":[106],"SentencePiece.":[107],"Notably,":[108],"classification":[111],"task":[112],"attains":[113],"state-of-the-art":[115],"(SOTA)":[116],"accuracy":[117],"79.8%":[119],"publicly":[122],"available":[123,214],"News":[126],"Classification":[127],"Corpus.":[128],"addition,":[130],"manual":[131],"review":[132],"500":[134],"samples":[136],"indicates":[137],"satisfactory":[138],"results":[139],"both":[141],"summarization":[147],"tasks.":[148],"our":[150,175],"knowledge,":[151],"T-LLaMA":[152,211],"stands":[153],"first":[156],"large-scale":[157,189],"natural":[162],"processing":[164],"(NLP)":[165],"with":[166,201],"parameters":[167],"range.":[171],"We":[172],"openly":[173],"provide":[174],"models,":[177],"anticipating":[178],"that":[179],"contribution":[181],"not":[182],"only":[183],"fills":[184],"gaps":[185],"domain":[192],"but":[193],"also":[194],"serves":[195],"foundational":[197],"models":[198],"researchers":[200],"limited":[202],"computational":[203],"resources":[204],"NLP":[208],"community.":[209],"is":[213],"at":[215],"https://huggingface.co/Pagewood/T-LLaMA":[216],".":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}