{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394610395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","title":"UCDCN: a nested architecture based on central difference convolution for face anti-spoofing","display_name":"UCDCN: a nested architecture based on central difference convolution for face anti-spoofing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394610395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031646526","display_name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9496-4083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048463479","display_name":"Quanhao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1529-9987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanhao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027676684","display_name":"Xiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-4496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049171277","display_name":"Ruqian Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-4369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqian Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011148417","display_name":"Xiaohui Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-4294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102515703","display_name":"Siying Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9959-4999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siying Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067810167","display_name":"Juanxiu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juanxiu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383308","display_name":"Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-1665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-1665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xi Yuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031646526"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":1.3153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78741452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"4817","last_page":"4833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.7621301412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.7232808470726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6316779255867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5181504487991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4546530544757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3882673382759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3602786660194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1551755964756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1544574499130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12985548377037048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.057124942541122437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.7621301412582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.7232808470726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6316779255867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5181504487991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4546530544757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3882673382759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3602786660194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1551755964756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1544574499130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12985548377037048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.057124942541122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b99234a9a07486cbcd85d065ea949b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b99234a9a07486cbcd85d065ea949b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 10, Iss 4, Pp 4817-4833 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-024-01397-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1276744243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61405028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323292","funder_display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1959945415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61405028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2462623490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2019J053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4289887614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2019J053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4827159733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2021YGCX020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6070187763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. ZYGX2019J053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8039053115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.ZYGX2021YGCX020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8090971419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2021YGCX020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323292","funder_display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G833456642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61405028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8484158315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2019J053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323292","funder_display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8997651128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZYGX2021YGCX020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323292","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394610395.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2095252718","https://openalex.org/W2129622867","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2510926985","https://openalex.org/W2522438482","https://openalex.org/W2578178601","https://openalex.org/W3104300620","https://openalex.org/W3108722472","https://openalex.org/W3138196357","https://openalex.org/W3193016045","https://openalex.org/W3207485660","https://openalex.org/W4221153153","https://openalex.org/W4225308595","https://openalex.org/W4225678970","https://openalex.org/W4318016239","https://openalex.org/W4385489679","https://openalex.org/W4388004143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2736674626","https://openalex.org/W2973875853","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W4312713546","https://openalex.org/W2362195430","https://openalex.org/W2347494122","https://openalex.org/W2567983276"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"significance":[2],"of":[3,11,88,97,143],"facial":[4,12,72],"anti-spoofing":[5,73,133],"algorithms":[6],"in":[7,27,58,100],"enhancing":[8],"the":[9,24,39,47,94,121,141],"security":[10],"recognition":[13],"systems":[14],"cannot":[15],"be":[16],"overstated.":[17],"Current":[18],"approaches":[19],"aim":[20],"to":[21,42,55,119,124],"compensate":[22],"for":[23,131],"model\u2019s":[25,48,122],"shortcomings":[26],"capturing":[28],"spatial":[29],"information":[30,34,127],"by":[31],"leveraging":[32],"spatio-temporal":[33],"from":[35,108],"multiple":[36],"frames.":[37],"However,":[38],"additional":[40],"branches":[41],"extract":[43],"inter-frame":[44],"details":[45,99],"increases":[46],"parameter":[49],"count":[50],"and":[51,69,92,111,159],"computational":[52],"workload,":[53],"leading":[54],"a":[56,67,113],"decrease":[57],"inference":[59],"efficiency.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this,":[63],"we":[64,78,104],"have":[65],"developed":[66],"robust":[68],"easily":[70],"deployable":[71],"algorithm.":[74],"In":[75,135],"this":[76,136],"paper,":[77],"propose":[79,112],"Central":[80],"Difference":[81],"Convolution":[82],"UNet++":[83],"(UCDCN),":[84],"which":[85,128],"takes":[86],"advantage":[87],"central":[89],"difference":[90],"convolution":[91],"improves":[93],"characterization":[95],"ability":[96,123],"invariant":[98],"diverse":[101],"environments.":[102],"Particularly,":[103],"leverage":[105],"domain":[106],"knowledge":[107],"image":[109],"segmentation":[110],"multi-level":[114],"feature":[115],"fusion":[116],"network":[117],"structure":[118],"enhance":[120],"capture":[125],"semantic":[126],"is":[129],"beneficial":[130],"face":[132],"tasks.":[134],"manner,":[137],"UCDCN":[138],"greatly":[139],"reduces":[140],"number":[142],"model":[144],"parameters":[145],"as":[146,148],"well":[147],"achieves":[149],"satisfactory":[150],"metrics":[151],"on":[152],"three":[153],"popular":[154],"benchmarks,":[155],"i.e.,":[156],"Replay-Attack,":[157],"Oulu-NPU":[158],"SiW.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}