{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390913583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","title":"Multimodal transportation routing optimization based on multi-objective Q-learning under time uncertainty","display_name":"Multimodal transportation routing optimization based on multi-objective Q-learning under time uncertainty","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390913583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082135328","display_name":"Tie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9716-3970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9716-3970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103388515","display_name":"Jia Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080286938","display_name":"Yanbiao Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbiao Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082135328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":12.6564,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98999695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"3133","last_page":"3152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6583595871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6073033809661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5857779383659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-transport","display_name":"Multimodal transport","score":0.5716652274131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5554611086845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","score":0.5289580821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.49466368556022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.46931812167167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-theory","display_name":"Transportation theory","score":0.4513975977897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-network","display_name":"Transport network","score":0.43870651721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3224170207977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16485479474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.15796253085136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14270827174186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13728320598602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07589209079742432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6583595871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6073033809661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5857779383659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777974031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493641","display_name":"Multimodal transport","level":2,"score":0.5716652274131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5554611086845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.5289580821990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.49466368556022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.46931812167167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31829261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929885","display_name":"Transportation theory","level":2,"score":0.4513975977897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924286","display_name":"Transport network","level":2,"score":0.43870651721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3224170207977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16485479474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.15796253085136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14270827174186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13728320598602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07589209079742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f5a4af4e17c4f51b253a54b5e8f1d5d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f5a4af4e17c4f51b253a54b5e8f1d5d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 3133-3152 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01308-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390913583.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1462149248","https://openalex.org/W1646707810","https://openalex.org/W1966408691","https://openalex.org/W1974158885","https://openalex.org/W1987725948","https://openalex.org/W2012612381","https://openalex.org/W2017299308","https://openalex.org/W2027349680","https://openalex.org/W2038855137","https://openalex.org/W2064467249","https://openalex.org/W2102660061","https://openalex.org/W2108511252","https://openalex.org/W2144056321","https://openalex.org/W2155280778","https://openalex.org/W2188338416","https://openalex.org/W2199523148","https://openalex.org/W2764010281","https://openalex.org/W2795297732","https://openalex.org/W2894633373","https://openalex.org/W2906768577","https://openalex.org/W2909973365","https://openalex.org/W2921733570","https://openalex.org/W2948175577","https://openalex.org/W2989187599","https://openalex.org/W3011346430","https://openalex.org/W3046142449","https://openalex.org/W3090209618","https://openalex.org/W3126748901","https://openalex.org/W3163548276","https://openalex.org/W3180008386","https://openalex.org/W3212282604","https://openalex.org/W4200420783","https://openalex.org/W4221075825","https://openalex.org/W4226468438","https://openalex.org/W4233061323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3117078092","https://openalex.org/W3165113755","https://openalex.org/W3197940179","https://openalex.org/W2588175382","https://openalex.org/W1583329812","https://openalex.org/W659131473","https://openalex.org/W4253106875","https://openalex.org/W2152929601","https://openalex.org/W4212864094","https://openalex.org/W2995671658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Multimodal":[1],"transportation":[2,24,30,57,102,108,145,203],"is":[3,135,164,222,259,286],"a":[4,95,160,201,209],"modern":[5],"way":[6],"of":[7,39,51,55,65,92,116,129,157,169,235,244,250,256,276,282],"cargo":[8,15,107],"transportation.":[9],"With":[10,269],"the":[11,37,53,60,63,83,90,114,126,155,205,219,233,236,241,254,257,270,274,277,283],"increasing":[12],"demand":[13],"for":[14],"transportation,":[16],"higher":[17],"requirements":[18],"are":[19],"being":[20],"placed":[21],"on":[22,75,253],"multimodal":[23,29,144],"multi-objective":[25,31,76,146],"routing":[26,32,147],"optimization.":[27],"In":[28],"optimization,":[33],"in":[34,42,59,212,262,272],"response":[35],"to":[36,125,142],"limitations":[38,54],"classical":[40],"algorithms":[41],"solving":[43],"large-scale":[44],"problems":[45,149],"with":[46,82,94,137,182,195,265],"multiple":[47],"nodes":[48],"and":[49,62,88,109,118,120,151,175,180,187,198,215,218,239,246],"modes":[50],"transport,":[52],"directed":[56,202],"networks":[58],"application,":[61],"uncertainty":[64,91,156,252],"transport":[66,158,170,176,263],"time,":[67,159,217],"this":[68],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"an":[71],"optimization":[72,148,213],"framework":[73],"based":[74],"weighted":[77,138],"sum":[78,139],"Q":[79,140],"-learning,":[80],"combined":[81,136],"proposed":[84,206,228,284],"undirected":[85,100],"multiple-node":[86,101],"network,":[87,204],"characterizes":[89],"time":[93,177,221,251,267],"positively":[96,161],"skewed":[97,162],"distribution.":[98],"The":[99,133,166,189,227,248,280],"network":[103,134],"can":[104,230],"better":[105,231],"simulate":[106],"characterize":[110],"transfer":[111],"information,":[112],"facilitate":[113],"modification":[115],"origin":[117],"destination,":[119],"avoid":[121],"suboptimal":[122],"solutions":[123,243],"due":[124],"manual":[127],"setting":[128],"wrong":[130],"route":[131,278],"directions.":[132],"-learning":[141],"solve":[143,232],"faster":[150],"better.":[152],"When":[153],"modeling":[154],"distribution":[163],"used.":[165],"three":[167],"objectives":[168],"cost,":[171,174],"carbon":[172],"emission":[173],"were":[178],"studied":[179],"compared":[181,194],"PSO,":[183,196],"GA,":[184,197],"AFO,":[185],"NSGA-II,":[186],"MOPSO.":[188,247],"experimental":[190],"results":[191,214],"show":[192],"that":[193],"AFO":[199],"using":[200],"method":[207,229,285],"has":[208],"significant":[210,261],"improvement":[211],"running":[216,220],"shortened":[223],"by":[224],"26":[225],"times.":[226],"boundary":[234],"Pareto":[237],"front":[238],"dominate":[240],"partial":[242],"NSGA-II":[245],"effect":[249],"performance":[255],"algorithm":[258],"more":[260],"orders":[264],"high":[266],"weight.":[268],"increase":[271],"uncertainty,":[273],"reliability":[275],"decreases.":[279],"effectiveness":[281],"verified.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-20T17:24:06.736184","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
