{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390701364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","title":"Load balancing of multi-AGV road network based on improved Q-learning algorithm and macroscopic fundamental diagram","display_name":"Load balancing of multi-AGV road network based on improved Q-learning algorithm and macroscopic fundamental diagram","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390701364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729495","display_name":"Xiumei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9514-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiumei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403","https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019606797","display_name":"Wensong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3115-7819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wensong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403","https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423997","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4919-0602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403","https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320070","display_name":"Yue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-6318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403","https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453127","display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-6902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403","https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100729495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":0.3378,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50826579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"3025","last_page":"3039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6422080993652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.611832320690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6054368615150452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5745381116867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.4883081912994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4732927680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4705769419670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4304003119468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagram","display_name":"Diagram","score":0.42494022846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.35798564553260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20907849073410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19947513937950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16224271059036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.10031381249427795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6422080993652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.611832320690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6054368615150452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5745381116867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.4883081912994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4732927680015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4705769419670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4304003119468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186399060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959962","display_name":"Diagram","level":2,"score":0.42494022846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35798564553260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20907849073410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19947513937950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16224271059036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.10031381249427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32bc6eee56884d55b0f54809cb05137b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32bc6eee56884d55b0f54809cb05137b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 3025-3039 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-023-01278-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390701364.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523742540","https://openalex.org/W1969017764","https://openalex.org/W1969392759","https://openalex.org/W1989473098","https://openalex.org/W2106568907","https://openalex.org/W2329769476","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2460563573","https://openalex.org/W2556832245","https://openalex.org/W2735941225","https://openalex.org/W2890033210","https://openalex.org/W2900448968","https://openalex.org/W2917089854","https://openalex.org/W2970404743","https://openalex.org/W2972145106","https://openalex.org/W3005383506","https://openalex.org/W3043013488","https://openalex.org/W3049468855","https://openalex.org/W3091112391","https://openalex.org/W3114384639","https://openalex.org/W3161037238","https://openalex.org/W3193444724","https://openalex.org/W4200107700","https://openalex.org/W4200357095","https://openalex.org/W4205944622","https://openalex.org/W4286615625","https://openalex.org/W4296984375","https://openalex.org/W4302491769","https://openalex.org/W4308417224","https://openalex.org/W4308889875","https://openalex.org/W4308890027","https://openalex.org/W4312222375","https://openalex.org/W4313537271","https://openalex.org/W4316464434","https://openalex.org/W4361301288","https://openalex.org/W4383497495","https://openalex.org/W4385202440","https://openalex.org/W4386266197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563943286","https://openalex.org/W4385190278","https://openalex.org/W2966826037","https://openalex.org/W1660242800","https://openalex.org/W2077211377","https://openalex.org/W2184245033","https://openalex.org/W2944222538","https://openalex.org/W3152686072","https://openalex.org/W2511580312","https://openalex.org/W1006270037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"To":[1],"address":[2],"the":[3,13,45,66,74,79,84,89,97,103,108,114,131,137,144,150,165,181,186,192,200,203,207,210,214,226,237,241],"challenges":[4],"of":[5,15,47,68,73,83,91,105,117,134,153,189,209,240],"traffic":[6,172],"congestion":[7,51,173,182],"and":[8,21,39,50,95,121,126,136,156,213],"suboptimal":[9],"operational":[10,252],"efficiency":[11],"in":[12,236,250],"context":[14],"large-scale":[16],"applications":[17],"like":[18],"production":[19],"plants":[20],"warehouses":[22],"that":[23,225],"utilize":[24],"multiple":[25],"automatic":[26],"guided":[27],"vehicles":[28,190],"(multi-AGVs),":[29],"this":[30],"article":[31],"proposed":[32,65,178],"using":[33],"an":[34,69,123],"Improved":[35],"Q-learning":[36,57,110],"(IQL)":[37],"algorithm":[38,111,228],"Macroscopic":[40],"Fundamental":[41],"Diagram":[42],"(MFD)":[43],"for":[44,219],"purposes":[46],"load":[48,215,238],"balancing":[49],"discrimination":[52,175],"on":[53,159,191],"road":[54,138,145,154,193,211,242],"networks.":[55],"Traditional":[56],"converges":[58],"slowly,":[59],"which":[60,141,161],"is":[61,149,157,162],"why":[62],"we":[63],"have":[64],"use":[67],"updated":[70],"Q":[71,81,92],"value":[72,82,93],"previous":[75],"iteration":[76],"step":[77],"as":[78],"maximum":[80],"next":[85],"state":[86,174,183],"to":[87,129,179,185,233,246],"reduce":[88],"number":[90,188],"comparisons":[94],"improve":[96],"algorithm\u2019s":[98],"convergence":[99],"speed.":[100],"When":[101],"calculating":[102],"cost":[104],"AGV":[106,135,251],"operation,":[107],"traditional":[109],"only":[112],"considers":[113],"evaluation":[115],"function":[116],"a":[118,230,247],"single":[119],"distance":[120,133],"introduces":[122],"improved":[124,227],"reward":[125],"punishment":[127],"mechanism":[128],"combine":[130],"operating":[132],"network":[139,146,171,212],"load,":[140],"finally":[142],"equalizes":[143],"load.":[147],"MFD":[148],"basic":[151],"property":[152],"networks":[155],"based":[158],"MFD,":[160],"combined":[163],"with":[164],"Markov":[166],"Chain":[167],"(MC)":[168],"model.":[169],"Road":[170],"method":[176],"was":[177],"classify":[180],"according":[184],"detected":[187],"network.":[194,243],"The":[195,222],"MC":[196],"model":[197],"accurately":[198],"discriminated":[199],"range":[201],"near":[202],"critical":[204],"point.":[205],"Finally,":[206],"scale":[208],"factor":[216],"were":[217],"changed":[218],"several":[220],"simulations.":[221],"findings":[223],"indicated":[224],"showed":[229],"notable":[231],"ability":[232],"achieve":[234],"equilibrium":[235],"distribution":[239],"This":[244],"led":[245],"substantial":[248],"enhancement":[249],"efficiency.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
