{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283015658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","title":"Imperceptible black-box waveform-level adversarial attack towards automatic speaker recognition","display_name":"Imperceptible black-box waveform-level adversarial attack towards automatic speaker recognition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283015658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022276227","display_name":"Xingyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-684X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011581435","display_name":"Xiongwei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiongwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085248515","display_name":"Meng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-3752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015867024","display_name":"Xia Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-1265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045121980","display_name":"Kejiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064573190","display_name":"Nenghai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nenghai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022276227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":2.9148,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91991022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7647486925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7016709446907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6310393810272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5905197858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5079255700111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45868659019470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.4481908679008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.4340595006942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.41089433431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3490515351295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3432490825653076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7647486925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7016709446907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6310393810272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5905197858810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5079255700111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45868659019470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.4481908679008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.4340595006942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.41089433431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3490515351295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3432490825653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a2f3536ab004517885c1dbd82c81aa7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a2f3536ab004517885c1dbd82c81aa7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 65-79 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00782-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1122468876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G175089312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075762026","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910829908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3961884915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4514102772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6424503130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6806802732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8458776083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283015658.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283015658.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W1936725236","https://openalex.org/W2016114852","https://openalex.org/W2137286467","https://openalex.org/W2150957202","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2310612427","https://openalex.org/W2529314575","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2583694711","https://openalex.org/W2618099328","https://openalex.org/W2726515241","https://openalex.org/W2745896134","https://openalex.org/W2748488820","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2808631503","https://openalex.org/W2809890364","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2936802426","https://openalex.org/W2962747881","https://openalex.org/W2963035245","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963077926","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2967606780","https://openalex.org/W3007679772","https://openalex.org/W3015811740","https://openalex.org/W3015958938","https://openalex.org/W3024144824","https://openalex.org/W3054852761","https://openalex.org/W3095259706","https://openalex.org/W3095570773","https://openalex.org/W3095866088","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3131867595","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W4232992964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046843850","https://openalex.org/W1620589732","https://openalex.org/W3154024765","https://openalex.org/W2799647799","https://openalex.org/W2963115223","https://openalex.org/W2778699561","https://openalex.org/W3187464208","https://openalex.org/W2963356069","https://openalex.org/W2914158293","https://openalex.org/W2143160184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Automatic":[1],"speaker":[2,47,143],"recognition":[3,119,144],"is":[4,65,86],"an":[5,56],"important":[6],"biometric":[7],"authentication":[8],"approach":[9],"with":[10,59],"emerging":[11],"applications.":[12],"However,":[13],"recent":[14],"research":[15],"has":[16],"shown":[17],"its":[18],"vulnerability":[19],"on":[20,42,113,123,141,169],"adversarial":[21,32,37,91,162,186],"attacks.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26],"propose":[27],"a":[28,76,104],"new":[29],"type":[30],"of":[31,45,83,117,159,172,185],"examples":[33],"by":[34,54,72,99],"generating":[35,89],"imperceptible":[36,90,148],"samples":[38,50],"for":[39,88],"targeted":[40,139],"attacks":[41,140],"black-box":[43,105],"systems":[44,145],"automatic":[46],"recognition.":[48],"Waveform":[49],"are":[51,96],"created":[52],"directly":[53],"solving":[55],"optimization":[57,94],"problem":[58],"waveform":[60,85],"inputs":[61],"and":[62,129,156],"outputs,":[63],"which":[64,107,181],"more":[66],"realistic":[67],"in":[68,103],"real-life":[69],"scenario.":[70],"Inspired":[71],"auditory":[73],"masking":[74],",":[75],"regularization":[77],"term":[78],"adapting":[79],"to":[80,149],"the":[81,114,118,133,153,160,164,170,173,183],"energy":[82],"speech":[84],"proposed":[87,134,165,179],"perturbations.":[92],"The":[93],"problems":[95],"subsequently":[97],"solved":[98],"differential":[100],"evolution":[101],"algorithm":[102],"manner":[106],"does":[108],"not":[109],"require":[110],"any":[111],"knowledge":[112],"inner":[115],"configuration":[116],"systems.":[120],"Experiments":[121],"conducted":[122],"commonly":[124],"used":[125],"data":[126],"sets,":[127],"LibriSpeech":[128],"VoxCeleb,":[130],"show":[131],"that":[132],"methods":[135,166],"have":[136],"successfully":[137],"performed":[138],"state-of-the-art":[142],"while":[146],"being":[147],"human":[150],"listeners.":[151],"Given":[152],"high":[154],"SNR":[155],"PESQ":[157],"scores":[158],"yielded":[161],"samples,":[163],"deteriorate":[167],"less":[168],"quality":[171],"original":[174],"signals":[175],"than":[176],"several":[177],"recently":[178],"methods,":[180],"justifies":[182],"imperceptibility":[184],"samples.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
