{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211307206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","title":"Deep convolutional forest: a dynamic deep ensemble approach for spam detection in text","display_name":"Deep convolutional forest: a dynamic deep ensemble approach for spam detection in text","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211307206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","mag":"3211307206","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35496326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012383124","display_name":"Mai A. Shaaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1454-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mai A. Shaaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1454-6090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101634360","display_name":"Yasser F. Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-2136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser F. Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Data Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Data Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010758990","display_name":"Shawkat K. Guirguis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5718-9025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawkat K. Guirguis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012383124"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":12.7611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98687376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"6","first_page":"4897","last_page":"4909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7844146490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7171118855476379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6957780718803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6868051290512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6661717295646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.6372765898704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6146841049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.5597714185714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5069096684455872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5006880760192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spambot","display_name":"Spambot","score":0.49427032470703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.487753689289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.4718233048915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.4292267858982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.4222068190574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4207281172275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.4168643355369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.34732499718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24377655982971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18678796291351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.128431499004364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7844146490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7171118855476379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6957780718803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6868051290512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6661717295646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.6372765898704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6146841049194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5597714185714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5069096684455872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5006880760192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.49427032470703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.487753689289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4718233048915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.4292267858982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.4222068190574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4207281172275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.4168643355369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.34732499718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24377655982971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18678796291351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.128431499004364}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35496326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35496326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & intelligent systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2110.15718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.15718","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.15718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9039275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9039275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex Intell Systems","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00741-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211307206.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211307206.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2074339481","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2220384803","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2591945600","https://openalex.org/W2780954022","https://openalex.org/W2792643794","https://openalex.org/W2793412634","https://openalex.org/W2804836751","https://openalex.org/W2888848124","https://openalex.org/W2897098357","https://openalex.org/W2906797549","https://openalex.org/W2910931863","https://openalex.org/W2911324552","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2953947325","https://openalex.org/W2955793676","https://openalex.org/W2971852873","https://openalex.org/W2981409172","https://openalex.org/W2988357083","https://openalex.org/W3035652504","https://openalex.org/W3044339716","https://openalex.org/W3083247011","https://openalex.org/W3085571720","https://openalex.org/W3099426638","https://openalex.org/W3105703341","https://openalex.org/W3139048049","https://openalex.org/W3163881436","https://openalex.org/W3170330193","https://openalex.org/W3180936947","https://openalex.org/W3195107722","https://openalex.org/W3198489413","https://openalex.org/W4212818080","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4232714830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018000323","https://openalex.org/W2403960249","https://openalex.org/W2095720311","https://openalex.org/W384368127","https://openalex.org/W2229063547","https://openalex.org/W1550559420","https://openalex.org/W1502194589","https://openalex.org/W2080521416","https://openalex.org/W4293384513","https://openalex.org/W4239718349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134],"increase":[1],"in":[2,30],"people's":[3,65],"use":[4],"of":[5,14,26,33,188],"mobile":[6],"messaging":[7],"services":[8],"has":[9],"led":[10],"to":[11,36,64,75],"the":[12,27,31,54,166,179],"spread":[13],"social":[15,61],"engineering":[16],"attacks":[17,35],"like":[18,172],"phishing,":[19],"considering":[20],"that":[21,126],"spam":[22,71,91,124,161],"text":[23],"is":[24,73],"one":[25],"main":[28],"factors":[29],"dissemination":[32],"phishing":[34],"steal":[37],"sensitive":[38],"data":[39],"such":[40,149],"as":[41,150],"credit":[42],"cards":[43],"and":[44,49,67,78,86,130,139,153,174,186],"passwords.":[45],"In":[46],"addition,":[47],"rumors":[48],"incorrect":[50],"medical":[51],"information":[52],"regarding":[53],"COVID-19":[55],"pandemic":[56],"are":[57],"widely":[58],"shared":[59],"on":[60,83],"media":[62],"leading":[63],"fear":[66],"confusion.":[68],"Thus,":[69],"filtering":[70],"content":[72],"vital":[74],"reduce":[76],"risks":[77],"threats.":[79],"Previous":[80],"studies":[81],"relied":[82],"machine":[84],"learning":[85,88,100,170],"deep":[87,107,120],"approaches":[89,95],"for":[90,123,142,157],"classification,":[92],"but":[93],"these":[94],"have":[96],"two":[97],"limitations.":[98],"Machine":[99],"models":[101],"require":[102,110],"manual":[103],"feature":[104,143],"engineering,":[105],"whereas":[106],"neural":[108],"networks":[109],"a":[111,118,177],"high":[112,182],"computational":[113],"cost.":[114],"This":[115],"paper":[116],"introduces":[117],"dynamic":[119],"ensemble":[121,169],"model":[122,136,167,180],"detection":[125],"adjusts":[127],"its":[128],"complexity":[129],"extracts":[131],"features":[132],"automatically.":[133],"proposed":[135],"utilizes":[137],"convolutional":[138],"pooling":[140],"layers":[141],"extraction":[144],"along":[145],"with":[146],"base":[147],"classifiers":[148],"random":[151],"forests":[152],"extremely":[154],"randomized":[155],"trees":[156],"classifying":[158],"texts":[159],"into":[160],"or":[162],"legitimate":[163],"ones.":[164],"Moreover,":[165],"employs":[168],"procedures":[171],"boosting":[173],"bagging.":[175],"As":[176],"result,":[178],"achieved":[181],"precision,":[183],"recall,":[184],"f1-score":[185],"accuracy":[187],"98.38%.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}