{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225782343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","title":"Implicit optimal variational collaborative filtering","display_name":"Implicit optimal variational collaborative filtering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225782343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053873734","display_name":"Joojo Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-6597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joojo Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403505","display_name":"Fan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8038-8150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082599078","display_name":"Edward Yellakuor Baagyere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-6622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153927","display_name":"C.K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00kpq4k75","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153927"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Y. Baagyere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, C.K.Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, C.K.Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087567089","display_name":"Emmanuel Ahene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Ahene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076831677","display_name":"Fengli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-8817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic,Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053873734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":0.3188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5913395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"5","first_page":"4369","last_page":"4384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9128999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6930829882621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.6699365377426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posterior-probability","display_name":"Posterior probability","score":0.6691849827766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.6639445424079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.6138134002685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5877536535263062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5697880983352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-filtering","display_name":"Collaborative filtering","score":0.5170915126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5145072937011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.4983022212982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.4969008266925812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.4437967538833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3798642158508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.36961236596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36433130502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35979172587394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3502700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3284063935279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2973920702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.13926702737808228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6930829882621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.6699365377426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57830394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278079","display_name":"Posterior probability","level":3,"score":0.6691849827766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6639445424079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.6138134002685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5877536535263062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5697880983352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21569690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94702","display_name":"Collaborative filtering","level":3,"score":0.5170915126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5145072937011719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.4983022212982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.4969008266925812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.4437967538833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3798642158508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36961236596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36433130502700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35979172587394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3502700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3284063935279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2973920702934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.13926702737808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-022-00696-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7428756117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225782343.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225782343.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479822238","https://openalex.org/W1720514416","https://openalex.org/W1994389483","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2085040216","https://openalex.org/W2094286023","https://openalex.org/W2101409192","https://openalex.org/W2117420919","https://openalex.org/W2144685566","https://openalex.org/W2157881433","https://openalex.org/W2253995343","https://openalex.org/W2295739661","https://openalex.org/W2340502990","https://openalex.org/W2598078671","https://openalex.org/W2605350416","https://openalex.org/W2725606191","https://openalex.org/W2767948492","https://openalex.org/W2783272285","https://openalex.org/W2788728386","https://openalex.org/W2806277834","https://openalex.org/W2883308936","https://openalex.org/W2886087818","https://openalex.org/W2887262017","https://openalex.org/W2945827670","https://openalex.org/W2962712142","https://openalex.org/W2965209830","https://openalex.org/W2981958829","https://openalex.org/W2997617192","https://openalex.org/W3044311607","https://openalex.org/W3091746701","https://openalex.org/W3097904695","https://openalex.org/W3098638686","https://openalex.org/W3100278010","https://openalex.org/W3100324210","https://openalex.org/W3124675547","https://openalex.org/W3127086631","https://openalex.org/W3133706083","https://openalex.org/W4249267926","https://openalex.org/W4288110919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2988134182","https://openalex.org/W2770818364","https://openalex.org/W2115685217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recently,":[1],"variational":[2,12],"autoencoder":[3,71],"(VAE),":[4],"a":[5,84,154],"model":[6,60,72],"that":[7,107],"supports":[8],"Bayesian":[9],"inference":[10,151],"and":[11,149],"posterior":[13,104,148],"distribution":[14],"approximation,":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17],"used":[18],"to":[19,48,54,77,126],"address":[20],"the":[21,36,50,109,113,122,128,135,142,146,150,157,168,180,188,206],"prevailing":[22],"challenge":[23],"of":[24,27,38,59,112,209],"inefficient":[25],"modelling":[26],"non-linear":[28],"user-item":[29],"interactions":[30],"in":[31,41,91,153],"collaborative":[32,74],"filtering":[33,75],"(CF).":[34],"However,":[35,116],"choices":[37],"prior":[39,99,105,165],"distributions":[40],"these":[42],"VAE-based":[43,174],"CF":[44],"models":[45,199],"are":[46],"inadequate":[47],"determine":[49],"underlying":[51],"distributions,":[52],"leading":[53],"skewed":[55],"maximum":[56],"likelihood":[57],"estimation":[58],"parameters.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,79],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,139],"present":[66],"an":[67,102,163],"Implicit":[68],"Optimal":[69],"Variational":[70],"for":[73,166],"(IOVA-CF)":[76],"alleviate":[78],"challenge.":[80],"Specifically,":[81],"IOVA-CF":[82,177,184],"utilizes":[83,121],"novel":[85],"implicit":[86,97],"optimal":[87,98,164],"prior,":[88],"which":[89],"aids":[90],"generating":[92],"excellent":[93],"latent":[94,189],"representations.":[95],"This":[96],"(IoP)":[100],"is":[101],"aggregated":[103,136,147],"(AP),":[106],"is,":[108],"posterior\u2019s":[110],"expectation":[111],"data":[114],"distribution.":[115],"unlike":[117,172],"previous":[118],"AP,":[119],"IoP":[120,162],"density":[123,158],"ratio":[124,159],"technique":[125],"compute":[127],"Kullback-Leibler":[129],"(KL)":[130],"divergence":[131,144],"without":[132],"explicitly":[133],"capturing":[134],"posterior.":[137],"Besides,":[138],"can":[140,185],"calculate":[141],"KL":[143],"between":[145],"network":[152],"closed-form":[155],"using":[156],"technique,":[160],"making":[161],"maximizing":[167],"objective":[169],"function.":[170],"Additionally,":[171],"earlier":[173],"recommendation":[175],"models,":[176],"significantly":[178],"alleviates":[179],"over-regularization":[181],"issue.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"adequately":[186],"capture":[187],"space\u2019s":[190],"uncertainty.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"empirical":[193],"evaluations":[194],"with":[195],"several":[196],"competitive":[197],"baseline":[198],"on":[200],"four":[201],"(4)":[202],"real-world":[203],"datasets":[204],"reveal":[205],"superior":[207],"performance":[208],"IOVA-CF.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}