{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206211521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","title":"Deep metric attention learning for skin lesion classification in dermoscopy images","display_name":"Deep metric attention learning for skin lesion classification in dermoscopy images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206211521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075195356","display_name":"Xiaoyu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-2245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424456","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-020X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031061480","display_name":"Shuang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159865","display_name":"Xiangya Hospital Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05c1yfj14","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159865"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159865","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027295774","display_name":"Chunli Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142484","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x6hbh34","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunli Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142484"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031061480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479","https://openalex.org/I4210159865"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":4.0782,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95460592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1487","last_page":"1504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7883644700050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7422224879264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7384291291236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7077217698097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6969518661499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6553202867507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6513615846633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6422321796417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-lesion","display_name":"Skin lesion","score":0.6249162554740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5406877398490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48778873682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4629332423210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.45326492190361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42355257272720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.415530800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35463255643844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatology","display_name":"Dermatology","score":0.09687811136245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09110480546951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.06665846705436707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7883644700050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7422224879264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7384291291236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7077217698097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6969518661499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6553202867507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6513615846633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6422321796417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988168687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949302","display_name":"Skin lesion","level":2,"score":0.6249162554740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5406877398490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48778873682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4629332423210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.45326492190361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42355257272720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.415530800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35463255643844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.09687811136245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09110480546951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.06665846705436707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00587-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2565650045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62041208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G626700575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Kq2014294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8919627327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020zzts","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G938649781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206211521.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206211521.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964169080","https://openalex.org/W1971941564","https://openalex.org/W1975815454","https://openalex.org/W2011207177","https://openalex.org/W2015966799","https://openalex.org/W2035580331","https://openalex.org/W2041816651","https://openalex.org/W2051521434","https://openalex.org/W2061576204","https://openalex.org/W2082893943","https://openalex.org/W2162515926","https://openalex.org/W2412580962","https://openalex.org/W2559090303","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2765268259","https://openalex.org/W2767325013","https://openalex.org/W2806853752","https://openalex.org/W2898260903","https://openalex.org/W2914016683","https://openalex.org/W2914959431","https://openalex.org/W2916845318","https://openalex.org/W2943964494","https://openalex.org/W2957352479","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3006349040","https://openalex.org/W3008320599","https://openalex.org/W3029477994","https://openalex.org/W3127086631","https://openalex.org/W3131168698","https://openalex.org/W6608257180","https://openalex.org/W6825816119","https://openalex.org/W6832714102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3119773509","https://openalex.org/W3208297503","https://openalex.org/W2889153461","https://openalex.org/W2964117661","https://openalex.org/W4388405611","https://openalex.org/W2798743422","https://openalex.org/W4309346246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Currently,":[1],"convolutional":[2],"neural":[3],"networks":[4],"(CNNs)":[5],"have":[6],"made":[7],"remarkable":[8],"achievements":[9],"in":[10],"skin":[11,23,55,72,167,222],"lesion":[12,24,56,73,168,223],"classification":[13,25,179,199,224],"because":[14,29],"of":[15,30,48,91,101,121,157,171],"their":[16],"end-to-end":[17],"feature":[18],"representation":[19],"abilities.":[20],"However,":[21],"precise":[22],"is":[26,81,150],"still":[27],"challenging":[28],"the":[31,49,107,112,119,127,144,155,166,175,185,189,194,198,212,227,240],"following":[32],"three":[33,92,177],"issues:":[34],"(1)":[35],"insufficient":[36],"training":[37,122,190],"samples,":[38,123],"(2)":[39],"inter-class":[40,131],"similarities":[41,132],"and":[42,45,105,133,146,152,220,230,234],"intra-class":[43,134],"variations,":[44],"(3)":[46],"lack":[47],"ability":[50,170,238],"to":[51,110,130,183,205],"focus":[52],"on":[53,85,226,239],"discriminative":[54],"parts.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"these":[60],"issues,":[61],"we":[62,192],"propose":[63],"a":[64,77,99,138,202],"deep":[65,86],"metric":[66,87],"attention":[67,140,148,215],"learning":[68],"CNN":[69],"(DeMAL-CNN)":[70],"for":[71],"classification.":[74],"In":[75,136,188],"DeMAL-CNN,":[76],"triplet-based":[78],"network":[79],"(TPN)":[80],"first":[82],"designed":[83,151],"based":[84],"learning,":[88],"which":[89,114,162],"consists":[90],"weight-shared":[93,178],"embedding":[94,159],"extraction":[95,160],"networks.":[96],"TPN":[97],"adopts":[98],"triplet":[100,108,195],"samples":[102],"as":[103,201],"input":[104],"uses":[106],"loss":[109,196,200,204],"optimize":[111],"embeddings,":[113,176],"can":[115,163],"not":[116],"only":[117],"increase":[118],"number":[120],"but":[124],"also":[125],"learn":[126],"embeddings":[128],"robust":[129],"variations.":[135],"addition,":[137],"mixed":[139],"mechanism":[141],"considering":[142],"both":[143],"spatial-wise":[145],"channel-wise":[147],"information":[149],"integrated":[153],"into":[154],"construction":[156],"each":[158],"network,":[161],"further":[164],"strengthen":[165],"localization":[169],"DeMAL-CNN.":[172,207],"After":[173],"extracting":[174],"layers":[180],"are":[181],"used":[182],"generate":[184],"final":[186],"predictions.":[187],"procedure,":[191],"combine":[193],"with":[197,211],"hybrid":[203],"train":[206],"We":[208],"compare":[209],"DeMAL-CNN":[210],"baseline":[213],"method,":[214],"methods,":[216,219],"advanced":[217],"challenge":[218],"state-of-the-art":[221],"methods":[225],"ISIC":[228,231],"2016":[229],"2017":[232],"datasets,":[233],"test":[235],"its":[236,246],"generalization":[237],"PH2":[241],"dataset.":[242],"The":[243],"results":[244],"demonstrate":[245],"effectiveness.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}