{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217347008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","title":"A deep learning approach based hardware solution to categorise garbage in environment","display_name":"A deep learning approach based hardware solution to categorise garbage in environment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217347008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","mag":"3217347008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069205029","display_name":"Tanya Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanya Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062887027","display_name":"Rakshit Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0434-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakshit Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057535810","display_name":"Devarshi Mukhopadhyay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devarshi Mukhopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027724098","display_name":"Kartik Sachdeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartik Sachdeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072826581","display_name":"Nikita Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9043-2971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikita Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth\u2019s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Science Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054245097","display_name":"Deepali Virmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4132-9254"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepali Virmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies - Technical Campus, College of Engineering, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies - Technical Campus, College of Engineering, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010146971","display_name":"Laura Garc\u00eda\u2010Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-5696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53110688","display_name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc77b46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53110688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Garcia-Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Area of Project Engineering, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Area of Project Engineering, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53110688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069205029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":5.8552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96616495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1129","last_page":"1152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9053999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage","display_name":"Garbage","score":0.8766082525253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7045754194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6075080633163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5981065630912781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5937005877494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5587866902351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.497419148683548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4163748025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bin","display_name":"Bin","score":0.41634097695350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.41117367148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36165863275527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09721723198890686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75403996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5521979","display_name":"Garbage","level":2,"score":0.8766082525253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7045754194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6075080633163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5981065630912781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5937005877494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5587866902351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.497419148683548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4163748025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156273044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913766","display_name":"Bin","level":2,"score":0.41634097695350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.41117367148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36165863275527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09721723198890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00529-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158229239","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1793690408","https://openalex.org/W2091265182","https://openalex.org/W2115985319","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2181904299","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2188253780","https://openalex.org/W2269011705","https://openalex.org/W2333509375","https://openalex.org/W2515357728","https://openalex.org/W2558580397","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2626617864","https://openalex.org/W2754556527","https://openalex.org/W2756788323","https://openalex.org/W2767049575","https://openalex.org/W2777407155","https://openalex.org/W2792059834","https://openalex.org/W2800141683","https://openalex.org/W2806012015","https://openalex.org/W2883318486","https://openalex.org/W2888919587","https://openalex.org/W2890084680","https://openalex.org/W2899218398","https://openalex.org/W2899793337","https://openalex.org/W2901025950","https://openalex.org/W2907169042","https://openalex.org/W2912697501","https://openalex.org/W2922584705","https://openalex.org/W2925272538","https://openalex.org/W2960131371","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2968548481","https://openalex.org/W2973182455","https://openalex.org/W3105550226","https://openalex.org/W6815608828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107701374","https://openalex.org/W2364068830","https://openalex.org/W4362509302","https://openalex.org/W2392846390","https://openalex.org/W2886683520","https://openalex.org/W2761968398","https://openalex.org/W4244794104","https://openalex.org/W2382039295","https://openalex.org/W2942888900","https://openalex.org/W2964820657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Garbage":[1,83],"detection":[2,84,118,179],"and":[3,66,91,135,157,162,201,214],"disposal":[4],"have":[5],"become":[6],"one":[7],"of":[8,24,94,110,119,125,127,139,147,199,204],"the":[9,22,46,62,98,145,181,188,193,207,217],"major":[10],"hassles":[11],"in":[12,19,97,180],"urban":[13,20],"planning.":[14],"Due":[15],"to":[16,143],"population":[17],"influx":[18],"areas,":[21],"rate":[23],"garbage":[25,32,43,63,95,107,160,178],"generation":[26],"has":[27],"increased":[28],"exponentially":[29],"along":[30,166],"with":[31,167,196],"diversity.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35,101,140],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"a":[39,72,79,120,202],"hardware":[40,57,168],"solution":[41,58],"for":[42,89,159,177,192,206,216],"segregation":[44],"at":[45],"base":[47],"level":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"deep":[51],"learning":[52],"architecture.":[53],"The":[54,137,183],"proposed":[55,194],"deep-learning-based":[56],"SmartBin":[59],"can":[60,108],"segregate":[61],"into":[64],"biodegradable":[65],"non-biodegradable":[67],"using":[68,78],"Image":[69],"classification":[70,87,161],"through":[71],"Convolutional":[73],"Neural":[74,151,185],"Network":[75,152,186],"System":[76],"Architecture":[77],"Real-time":[80],"embedded":[81],"system.":[82],"via":[85],"image":[86],"aims":[88],"quick":[90],"efficient":[92],"categorization":[93],"present":[96],"bin.":[99,182],"However,":[100],"is":[102,142],"an":[103,197],"arduous":[104],"task":[105],"as":[106],"be":[109],"any":[111],"dimension,":[112],"object,":[113],"color,":[114],"texture,":[115],"unlike":[116],"object":[117],"particular":[121],"entity":[122,129],"where":[123],"images":[124],"objects":[126],"that":[128],"do":[130],"share":[131],"some":[132],"similar":[133],"characteristics":[134],"traits.":[136],"objective":[138],"work":[141],"compare":[144],"performance":[146,190],"various":[148],"pre-trained":[149],"Convolution":[150],"namely":[153],"AlexNet,":[154],"ResNet,":[155],"VGG-16,":[156],"InceptionNet":[158,184],"test":[163],"their":[164],"working":[165],"components":[169],"(PiCam,":[170],"raspberry":[171],"pi,":[172],"infrared":[173],"sensors,":[174],"etc.)":[175],"used":[176],"showed":[187],"best":[189],"measure":[191],"model":[195],"accuracy":[198],"98.15%":[200],"loss":[203],"0.10":[205],"training":[208],"set":[209],"while":[210],"it":[211],"was":[212],"96.23%":[213],"0.13":[215],"validation":[218],"set.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}