{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195401316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","title":"Hatred and trolling detection transliteration framework using hierarchical LSTM in code-mixed social media text","display_name":"Hatred and trolling detection transliteration framework using hierarchical LSTM in code-mixed social media text","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195401316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","mag":"3195401316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037233397","display_name":"Shashi Shekhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-192X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashi Shekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007800990","display_name":"Hitendra Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-2328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitendra Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101996972","display_name":"Rohit Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7731-2078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007493975","display_name":"Shivendra Shivani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivendra Shivani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057555412","display_name":"Bhisham Sharma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhisham Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057555412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":18.0284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":141,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99406465,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"2813","last_page":"2826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7852151393890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.7805479764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6353163719177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5623217821121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.47429516911506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.4665764272212982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4550096392631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.4514743387699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.432658851146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14391979575157166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7852151393890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.7805479764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6353163719177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5623217821121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47429516911506653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.4665764272212982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4550096392631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.4514743387699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.432658851146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14391979575157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a708268bd7c74a1a8d24becdde9debfd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a708268bd7c74a1a8d24becdde9debfd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp 2813-2826 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00487-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195401316.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195401316.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522448113","https://openalex.org/W1791088224","https://openalex.org/W2045374964","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2123660869","https://openalex.org/W2132609289","https://openalex.org/W2139645402","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2250548009","https://openalex.org/W2251678408","https://openalex.org/W2252156092","https://openalex.org/W2320222137","https://openalex.org/W2405243274","https://openalex.org/W2462171319","https://openalex.org/W2462558730","https://openalex.org/W2475268295","https://openalex.org/W2493342586","https://openalex.org/W2548740357","https://openalex.org/W2562065833","https://openalex.org/W2573798117","https://openalex.org/W2576046725","https://openalex.org/W2576126797","https://openalex.org/W2578137571","https://openalex.org/W2738504408","https://openalex.org/W2766262855","https://openalex.org/W2783647727","https://openalex.org/W2805807672","https://openalex.org/W2806866238","https://openalex.org/W2807661779","https://openalex.org/W2811177188","https://openalex.org/W2905037098","https://openalex.org/W2905134510","https://openalex.org/W2910606374","https://openalex.org/W2913313421","https://openalex.org/W2921528463","https://openalex.org/W2922580172","https://openalex.org/W2942810189","https://openalex.org/W2947417049","https://openalex.org/W2949713431","https://openalex.org/W2952831501","https://openalex.org/W2954452417","https://openalex.org/W2954566102","https://openalex.org/W2962857395","https://openalex.org/W2969746599","https://openalex.org/W2973638934","https://openalex.org/W2982397494","https://openalex.org/W2996146585","https://openalex.org/W2998251538","https://openalex.org/W3003617865","https://openalex.org/W3004587659","https://openalex.org/W3006771233","https://openalex.org/W3016030119","https://openalex.org/W3017403618","https://openalex.org/W3022086096","https://openalex.org/W3024613324","https://openalex.org/W3025514448","https://openalex.org/W3027682070","https://openalex.org/W3043883491","https://openalex.org/W3103037747","https://openalex.org/W3171587117","https://openalex.org/W4210557280","https://openalex.org/W4239862802"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288407670","https://openalex.org/W2950396480","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W2911655849","https://openalex.org/W4286432911","https://openalex.org/W4230884544","https://openalex.org/W4245453790","https://openalex.org/W3194985222","https://openalex.org/W3216571906","https://openalex.org/W4214830338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,22,37,55,74,87,108],"paper":[2],"describes":[3],"the":[4,33,45,102,118,124,127,134,140,145,152,176],"usage":[5],"of":[6,89,126,147],"self-learning":[7,63],"Hierarchical":[8,23],"LSTM":[9],"technique":[10],"for":[11,67,85,98,129],"classifying":[12],"hatred":[13,46,69,83,106,119,171],"and":[14,47,64,82,92,162,172],"trolling":[15,48,173],"contents":[16],"in":[17,51,71,101,116,133,175],"social":[18,52,177],"media":[19,53,178],"code-mixed":[20],"data.":[21,179],"LSTM-based":[24],"learning":[25,29,35],"is":[26,41,60],"a":[27],"novel":[28],"architecture":[30],"inspired":[31],"from":[32],"neural":[34],"models.":[36],"proposed":[38,56],"HLSTM":[39,57,113],"model":[40,59,114,143],"trained":[42],"to":[43,104],"identify":[44],"words":[49,70,174],"available":[50],"contents.":[54],"systems":[58],"equipped":[61],"with":[62],"predicting":[65],"mechanism":[66,88],"annotating":[68],"transliteration":[72],"domain.":[73],"Hindi\u2013English":[75],"data":[76],"are":[77,95,169],"ordered":[78],"into":[79],"Hindi,":[80],"English,":[81],"labels":[84],"classification.":[86],"word":[90,99,120,132],"embedding":[91],"character-embedding":[93],"features":[94],"used":[96],"here":[97],"representation":[100],"sentence":[103],"detect":[105],"words.":[107],"method":[109],"developed":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"helps":[115],"recognizing":[117],"context":[121],"by":[122],"mining":[123],"intention":[125],"user":[128],"using":[130],"that":[131,139],"sentence.":[135],"Wide":[136],"experiments":[137],"suggests":[138],"HLSTM-based":[141],"classification":[142],"gives":[144],"accuracy":[146],"97.49%":[148],"when":[149,167],"evaluated":[150],"against":[151],"standard":[153],"parameters":[154],"like":[155],"BLSTM,":[156],"CRF,":[157],"LR,":[158],"SVM,":[159],"Random":[160],"Forest":[161],"Decision":[163],"Tree":[164],"models":[165],"especially":[166],"there":[168],"some":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T17:19:04.345684","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
