{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169007309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","title":"A branch-and-price algorithm for two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem","display_name":"A branch-and-price algorithm for two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169007309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","mag":"3169007309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013969531","display_name":"Zhiguo Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009600521","display_name":"Juliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-6349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013969531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":2.3068,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86823429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"2475","last_page":"2490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/column-generation","display_name":"Column generation","score":0.815731406211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5579497218132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5393434166908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortest-path-problem","display_name":"Shortest path problem","score":0.5389677882194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5252213478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.4943873882293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4386088252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.42185208201408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3545873761177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2012123167514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.09360450506210327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168956720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123181","display_name":"Column generation","level":2,"score":0.815731406211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5579497218132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5393434166908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22590252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058754","display_name":"Shortest path problem","level":3,"score":0.5389677882194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5252213478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.4943873882293701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4386088252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42185208201408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3545873761177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2012123167514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.09360450506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e0174db02b0d46e2b00982cca055929b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e0174db02b0d46e2b00982cca055929b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp 2475-2490 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G149012074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N_PolyU531/16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100504329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71661167009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169007309.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169007309.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W311217234","https://openalex.org/W1511368604","https://openalex.org/W1965032790","https://openalex.org/W1978558628","https://openalex.org/W1991744719","https://openalex.org/W1994515816","https://openalex.org/W2036815904","https://openalex.org/W2056295481","https://openalex.org/W2058530158","https://openalex.org/W2092609753","https://openalex.org/W2094764575","https://openalex.org/W2096658257","https://openalex.org/W2111388156","https://openalex.org/W2136284166","https://openalex.org/W2143058845","https://openalex.org/W2146004814","https://openalex.org/W2158762372","https://openalex.org/W2163873159","https://openalex.org/W2164177447","https://openalex.org/W2188617452","https://openalex.org/W2255469947","https://openalex.org/W2286144397","https://openalex.org/W2325312983","https://openalex.org/W2332834184","https://openalex.org/W2529339987","https://openalex.org/W2547563495","https://openalex.org/W2593437733","https://openalex.org/W2593704234","https://openalex.org/W2791446441","https://openalex.org/W2856829278","https://openalex.org/W2883420779","https://openalex.org/W2884929083","https://openalex.org/W2886343885","https://openalex.org/W2898596225","https://openalex.org/W2905126357","https://openalex.org/W2914698380","https://openalex.org/W2923720820","https://openalex.org/W2944336783","https://openalex.org/W2972676994","https://openalex.org/W2980433312","https://openalex.org/W2993895762","https://openalex.org/W2996842036","https://openalex.org/W3038766169","https://openalex.org/W3097354998","https://openalex.org/W3099501324","https://openalex.org/W3115303385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117466569","https://openalex.org/W2158354221","https://openalex.org/W2499699449","https://openalex.org/W3089606439","https://openalex.org/W2595691866","https://openalex.org/W2333308323","https://openalex.org/W2040678783","https://openalex.org/W1995015521","https://openalex.org/W2291407899","https://openalex.org/W2615412676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Motivated":[1],"by":[2,122],"express":[3],"and":[4,46,77,85],"e-commerce":[5],"companies\u2019":[6],"distribution":[7],"practices,":[8],"we":[9,118,137,169],"study":[10],"a":[11,28,82,90,139,164],"two-echelon":[12],"electric":[13,39],"vehicle":[14],"routing":[15],"problem.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"problem,":[19],"fuel-powered":[20],"vehicles":[21],"are":[22,54],"used":[23,55],"to":[24,30,48,56,62,93,100,106,143],"transport":[25],"goods":[26,58],"from":[27,59],"depot":[29],"intermediate":[31],"facilities":[32],"(satellites)":[33],"in":[34,64,132,147,162,179],"the":[35,60,65,70,79,102,113,116,124,133,148,152,171,190,197],"first":[36,134],"echelon,":[37],"whereas":[38],"vehicles,":[40],"which":[41],"have":[42],"limited":[43],"driving":[44],"ranges":[45],"need":[47],"be":[49],"recharged":[50],"at":[51],"recharging":[52],"stations,":[53],"transfer":[57],"satellites":[61],"customers":[63],"second":[66,149],"echelon.":[67,135,150],"We":[68,88,96,174,187],"model":[69,76,80,194],"problem":[71,84,105,128],"as":[72],"an":[73],"arc":[74],"flow":[75],"decompose":[78],"into":[81],"master":[83,104],"pricing":[86],"subproblem.":[87],"propose":[89],"branch-and-price":[91],"algorithm":[92,142,157,178],"solve":[94,101],"it.":[95],"use":[97],"column":[98],"generation":[99],"restricted":[103],"provide":[107],"lower":[108],"bounds.":[109],"By":[110],"enumerating":[111],"all":[112],"subsets":[114],"of":[115,154,160,166,183,192],"satellites,":[117],"generate":[119,144],"feasible":[120,145],"columns":[121],"solving":[123,163,180],"elementary":[125],"shortest":[126],"path":[127],"with":[129,158],"resource":[130],"constraints":[131],"Then,":[136],"design":[138],"bidirectional":[140],"labeling":[141],"routes":[146],"Comparing":[151],"performance":[153],"our":[155,177],"proposed":[156],"that":[159],"CPLEX":[161],"set":[165],"small-sized":[167],"instances,":[168],"demonstrate":[170],"former\u2019s":[172],"effectiveness.":[173],"further":[175],"assess":[176],"two":[181],"sets":[182],"larger":[184],"scale":[185],"instances.":[186],"also":[188],"examine":[189],"impacts":[191],"some":[193],"parameters":[195],"on":[196],"solution.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
