{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414494099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","title":"A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Student Progress in Online Programming Education","display_name":"A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Student Progress in Online Programming Education","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414494099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082141622","display_name":"Vincent Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3931-7374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043087690","display_name":"Bryn Jeffries","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-4426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryn Jeffries","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079360974","display_name":"Irena Koprinska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9479-4187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irena Koprinska","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082141622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":4.0415,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9445572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"6","first_page":"3614","last_page":"3644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-data-mining","display_name":"Educational data mining","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-course","display_name":"Online course","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree-learning","display_name":"Decision tree learning","score":0.30250000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7771999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.635200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6273999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777598771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341279","display_name":"Educational data mining","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986081426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Online course","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5481197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16766476","display_name":"Decision tree learning","level":3,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777808570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967853","display_name":"Massive open online course","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320966","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414494099.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414494099.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1959691478","https://openalex.org/W1966165526","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2038598927","https://openalex.org/W2074731714","https://openalex.org/W2090234243","https://openalex.org/W2106717332","https://openalex.org/W2109676405","https://openalex.org/W2117122404","https://openalex.org/W2139471083","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2335791207","https://openalex.org/W2398060938","https://openalex.org/W2531767846","https://openalex.org/W2603824136","https://openalex.org/W2767026290","https://openalex.org/W2769342982","https://openalex.org/W2917238495","https://openalex.org/W2950250582","https://openalex.org/W2970787375","https://openalex.org/W3001947538","https://openalex.org/W3003555941","https://openalex.org/W3028324699","https://openalex.org/W3113641224","https://openalex.org/W3137158245","https://openalex.org/W4307561542","https://openalex.org/W4366811214","https://openalex.org/W4381956152","https://openalex.org/W4381956511","https://openalex.org/W4396668454"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Student":[0],"data":[1,36,81,107],"from":[2,35,78,108],"online":[3,68,178],"programming":[4,69,111,147],"courses":[5,112],"can":[6,37,125],"provide":[7],"valuable":[8],"insights":[9,34,196],"into":[10,197],"how":[11],"students":[12],"approach":[13,57,72,124,136,205,209],"problems":[14],"and":[15,46,89,116,132,146,153],"acquire":[16],"critical":[17],"computational":[18],"skills,":[19],"as":[20,22],"well":[21],"about":[23],"the":[24,29,79,100,104,174,198],"challenges":[25],"they":[26],"face":[27],"in":[28,66,103,157],"process.":[30],"However,":[31],"extracting":[32],"these":[33,177],"be":[38,168],"challenging,":[39],"especially":[40],"when":[41],"dealing":[42],"with":[43,86],"large,":[44],"complex":[45],"multi-dimensional":[47],"datasets.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,123],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,120],"propose":[53],"a":[54,63,92,207],"machine":[55],"learning":[56,212],"to":[58,96,167,189,210],"predicting":[59],"student":[60,84,130,158],"progress":[61,131],"at":[62],"module":[64],"level":[65],"large-scale":[67,110],"courses.":[70,161,179],"Our":[71],"defines":[73],"suitable":[74],"content":[75],"interaction":[76],"features":[77],"log":[80],"that":[82,122,141],"measure":[83],"engagement":[85],"course":[87,144,151,202],"material,":[88],"then":[90],"creates":[91],"decision":[93,183],"tree":[94],"classifier":[95],"predict":[97],"performance":[98],"on":[99],"last":[101],"problem":[102],"module.":[105],"Using":[106],"four":[109],"for":[113,149,172],"upper":[114],"primary":[115],"high":[117],"school":[118],"students,":[119],"demonstrate":[121],"produce":[126],"accurate":[127],"predictions":[128],"of":[129,176,201],"dropouts.":[133],"Additionally,":[134],"our":[135,204],"provides":[137],"interpretable":[138],"tree-based":[139],"visualisations":[140],"identify":[142],"key":[143],"materials":[145],"tasks":[148],"successful":[150],"completion,":[152],"also":[154],"highlights":[155],"differences":[156],"behaviour":[159],"between":[160],"The":[162,180],"predictive":[163],"models":[164],"were":[165],"found":[166],"informative":[169],"by":[170],"educators":[171],"improving":[173],"design":[175],"intrinsically":[181],"explainable":[182],"trees":[184],"provided":[185],"competitive":[186],"accuracy":[187],"compared":[188],"more":[190],"advanced":[191],"black-box":[192],"models.":[193],"By":[194],"providing":[195],"pedagogical":[199],"value":[200],"content,":[203],"facilitates":[206],"data-driven":[208],"increasing":[211],"outcomes.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}