{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411015105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","title":"AI Versus Human Feedback in Mixed Reality Simulations: Comparing LLM and Expert Mentoring in Preservice Teacher Education on Controversial Issues","display_name":"AI Versus Human Feedback in Mixed Reality Simulations: Comparing LLM and Expert Mentoring in Preservice Teacher Education on Controversial Issues","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411015105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033658357","display_name":"Thomas Nygren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-3252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Nygren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013715285","display_name":"Marcus Samuelsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5968-3104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Samuelsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056194273","display_name":"Per-Olof Hansson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3174-5956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per-Olof Hansson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058175276","display_name":"Evgenia Efimova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9601-5674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evgenia Efimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031945387","display_name":"Steven Bachelder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116649","display_name":"University of Inland Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/02dx4dc92","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116649"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Bachelder","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Inland Norway, Hamar, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Inland Norway, Hamar, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033658357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":28.3346,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99647068,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"5","first_page":"2856","last_page":"2888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.5140382051467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4974570572376251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4830927848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.39257580041885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3845394253730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.3590348958969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15077972412109375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.5140382051467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4974570572376251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4830927848815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.39257580041885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3845394253730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3590348958969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15077972412109375}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-214438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-214438","pdf_url":"https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1966331/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:uu-559210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-559210","pdf_url":"https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1967719/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-025-00484-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324119","display_name":"Uppsala Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411015105.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411015105.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W225068064","https://openalex.org/W308066087","https://openalex.org/W322827299","https://openalex.org/W1562208008","https://openalex.org/W1781458262","https://openalex.org/W1842359138","https://openalex.org/W1998933811","https://openalex.org/W2032433184","https://openalex.org/W2072058174","https://openalex.org/W2102867679","https://openalex.org/W2123255948","https://openalex.org/W2126180793","https://openalex.org/W2127308190","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2140369176","https://openalex.org/W2142292753","https://openalex.org/W2153000380","https://openalex.org/W2156943463","https://openalex.org/W2162087113","https://openalex.org/W2165099461","https://openalex.org/W2167044060","https://openalex.org/W2296159754","https://openalex.org/W2298519585","https://openalex.org/W2326799272","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2615991402","https://openalex.org/W2792554816","https://openalex.org/W2896391901","https://openalex.org/W2907729060","https://openalex.org/W2914238034","https://openalex.org/W2941643452","https://openalex.org/W2942839656","https://openalex.org/W2971662950","https://openalex.org/W3002947507","https://openalex.org/W3111165557","https://openalex.org/W3135646462","https://openalex.org/W3150020007","https://openalex.org/W3173335321","https://openalex.org/W3185159493","https://openalex.org/W3217484751","https://openalex.org/W4205544609","https://openalex.org/W4206599219","https://openalex.org/W4214808482","https://openalex.org/W4230067107","https://openalex.org/W4235715501","https://openalex.org/W4241871510","https://openalex.org/W4245961435","https://openalex.org/W4292808503","https://openalex.org/W4293228654","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4297883359","https://openalex.org/W4319345137","https://openalex.org/W4366420437","https://openalex.org/W4386154776","https://openalex.org/W4386316557","https://openalex.org/W4386510404","https://openalex.org/W4387299971","https://openalex.org/W4390414972","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4391833135","https://openalex.org/W4391914260","https://openalex.org/W4391985880","https://openalex.org/W4392639864","https://openalex.org/W4394565815","https://openalex.org/W4395468558","https://openalex.org/W4399362930","https://openalex.org/W4400694993","https://openalex.org/W4400941189","https://openalex.org/W4401160686","https://openalex.org/W4402474910","https://openalex.org/W4403511027","https://openalex.org/W4403637324","https://openalex.org/W4404031955","https://openalex.org/W4406673747","https://openalex.org/W4408487818","https://openalex.org/W6632359508","https://openalex.org/W6633838850","https://openalex.org/W7025654251","https://openalex.org/W7039385176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W4220667126","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W3006817050","https://openalex.org/W4401768695","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,168],"study":[2,140],"explores":[3],"the":[4,20,33,52,142,152,163],"potential":[5,34,177],"role":[6,178],"of":[7,22,37,54,92,116,144,154,165,175],"AI-generated":[8,38],"mentoring":[9,48],"within":[10],"simulated":[11],"environments":[12],"designed":[13],"for":[14],"teacher":[15,148,207],"education,":[16],"specifically":[17],"focused":[18],"on":[19,123],"challenges":[21,36],"teaching":[23,77],"controversial":[24],"issues.":[25],"Using":[26],"a":[27,172],"mixed-methods":[28],"approach,":[29],"we":[30],"empirically":[31],"investigate":[32],"and":[35,66,71,79,94,100,179,201],"feedback":[39,68,133,157],"compared":[40],"to":[41,146,161,171,191],"that":[42,60],"provided":[43],"by":[44,203],"human":[45,61,137,204],"experts":[46,62],"when":[47,74],"preservice":[49],"teachers":[50],"in":[51,131,134,181,206],"context":[53],"mixed":[55,65,193],"reality":[56,194],"simulations.":[57],"Findings":[58],"reveal":[59],"offered":[63],"more":[64],"nuanced":[67],"than":[69],"ChatGPT-4o":[70],"Perplexity,":[72],"especially":[73],"identifying":[75,114],"missed":[76],"opportunities":[78],"balancing":[80],"classroom":[81],"discussions.":[82],"The":[83,139],"AI":[84,107,145,156,187],"models":[85],"evaluated":[86,200],"were":[87,95,109,127],"publicly":[88],"available":[89],"pro":[90],"versions":[91],"LLMs":[93],"tested":[96],"using":[97],"detailed":[98],"prompts":[99],"coding":[101],"schemes":[102],"aligned":[103],"with":[104,136,158],"educational":[105],"theories.":[106],"systems":[108],"not":[110],"very":[111],"good":[112],"at":[113],"aspects":[115],"general,":[117],"pedagogical":[118],"or":[119],"content":[120],"knowledge":[121],"based":[122],"Shulman\u2019s":[124],"theories":[125],"but":[126,150],"still":[128],"quite":[129],"effective":[130],"generating":[132],"line":[135],"experts.":[138],"highlights":[141],"promise":[143],"enhance":[147],"training":[149],"underscores":[151],"importance":[153],"combining":[155],"expert":[159],"insights":[160],"address":[162],"complexities":[164],"real-world":[166],"teaching.":[167],"research":[169],"contributes":[170],"growing":[173],"understanding":[174],"AI's":[176],"limitations":[180],"education.":[182,208],"It":[183],"suggests":[184],"that,":[185],"while":[186],"can":[188],"be":[189,198],"valuable":[190],"scale":[192],"simulations,":[195],"it":[196],"should":[197],"carefully":[199],"balanced":[202],"expertise":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}