{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391217777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","title":"From the Automated Assessment of Student Essay Content to Highly Informative Feedback: a Case Study","display_name":"From the Automated Assessment of Student Essay Content to Highly Informative Feedback: a Case Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391217777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054545684","display_name":"Sebastian Gombert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-9547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138519","display_name":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0327sr118","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Gombert","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006656079","display_name":"Aron Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0624-1131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aron Fink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040935360","display_name":"Tornike Giorgashvili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tornike Giorgashvili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041282806","display_name":"Ioana Jivet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-2642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138519","display_name":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0327sr118","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioana Jivet","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089555754","display_name":"Daniele Di Mitri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9331-6893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138519","display_name":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0327sr118","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Di Mitri","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020227189","display_name":"Jane Yin-Kim Yau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-7079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138519","display_name":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0327sr118","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jane Yau","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057663670","display_name":"Andreas Frey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-9538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Frey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027722484","display_name":"Hendrik Drachsler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-5314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138519","display_name":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0327sr118","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7876267","display_name":"Open University of the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/018dfmf50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7876267"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik Drachsler","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7876267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054545684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138519"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":25.1659,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99754235,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"1378","last_page":"1416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.5758456587791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5324813723564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5223442316055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","score":0.5154067277908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-analysis","display_name":"Content analysis","score":0.449270635843277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4350042939186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3408701419830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3385998010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.2057669758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14519092440605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.1228516697883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.5758456587791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5324813723564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5223442316055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.5154067277908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.449270635843277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4350042939186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3408701419830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3385998010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2057669758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14519092440605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1228516697883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.ou.nl:publications/17b18f60-de7e-4d19-8cde-902a8313167c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/17b18f60-de7e-4d19-8cde-902a8313167c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922485","display_name":"Open University of the Netherlands Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gombert, S, Fink, A, Giorgashvili, T, Jivet, I, Di Mitri, D, Yau, J, Frey, A & Drachsler, H 2024, 'From the Automated Assessment of Student Essay Content to Highly Informative Feedback : a Case Study', International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1378-1416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00387-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334763","display_name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6r0e97"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391217777.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54624996","https://openalex.org/W1494472992","https://openalex.org/W1593510392","https://openalex.org/W1626945812","https://openalex.org/W1660123436","https://openalex.org/W1828401780","https://openalex.org/W1862888253","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1967082761","https://openalex.org/W1967747674","https://openalex.org/W1973000890","https://openalex.org/W1979469248","https://openalex.org/W1986957688","https://openalex.org/W1992507230","https://openalex.org/W2044274548","https://openalex.org/W2075358683","https://openalex.org/W2084015037","https://openalex.org/W2087385735","https://openalex.org/W2115584598","https://openalex.org/W2124725212","https://openalex.org/W2142995122","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2181523240","https://openalex.org/W2250290162","https://openalex.org/W2250372169","https://openalex.org/W2251191978","https://openalex.org/W2251356693","https://openalex.org/W2341000302","https://openalex.org/W2468765526","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2509343702","https://openalex.org/W2552691575","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2560739164","https://openalex.org/W2564331714","https://openalex.org/W2567547739","https://openalex.org/W2758067238","https://openalex.org/W2789064996","https://openalex.org/W2797328513","https://openalex.org/W2798476254","https://openalex.org/W2886610728","https://openalex.org/W2889470921","https://openalex.org/W2904197112","https://openalex.org/W2905050135","https://openalex.org/W2946417913","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963482033","https://openalex.org/W2963830885","https://openalex.org/W2964413085","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2970812170","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3002947507","https://openalex.org/W3037109418","https://openalex.org/W3037207300","https://openalex.org/W3038648614","https://openalex.org/W3039023360","https://openalex.org/W3095483082","https://openalex.org/W3098271539","https://openalex.org/W3113108648","https://openalex.org/W3114950584","https://openalex.org/W3156740530","https://openalex.org/W3183236075","https://openalex.org/W3184396411","https://openalex.org/W3195715232","https://openalex.org/W4206660322","https://openalex.org/W4231060294","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4246672743","https://openalex.org/W4285178525","https://openalex.org/W4287891043","https://openalex.org/W4287980873","https://openalex.org/W4288104672","https://openalex.org/W4293921444","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4295714264","https://openalex.org/W4310123629","https://openalex.org/W4311184551","https://openalex.org/W4313276100","https://openalex.org/W4313410276","https://openalex.org/W4313527934","https://openalex.org/W4320719561","https://openalex.org/W4380522336","https://openalex.org/W4400996752","https://openalex.org/W6601495636","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6676249281","https://openalex.org/W6735501283","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6763734111","https://openalex.org/W6770451472","https://openalex.org/W6804655063","https://openalex.org/W6912355088","https://openalex.org/W6987948175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250539519","https://openalex.org/W4294018197","https://openalex.org/W4233433299","https://openalex.org/W2379384513","https://openalex.org/W2213288308","https://openalex.org/W2884856691","https://openalex.org/W2909905999","https://openalex.org/W4244821991","https://openalex.org/W1912037221","https://openalex.org/W2568448309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Various":[1],"studies":[2],"empirically":[3],"proved":[4],"the":[5,61,67,97,124,131,143,157,180,187,192,209,218,234],"value":[6],"of":[7,80,99,236],"highly":[8,213,255],"informative":[9,214,256],"feedback":[10,26,55,95,137,193,203,215,257],"for":[11,56,142,173],"enhancing":[12],"learner":[13],"success.":[14],"However,":[15],"digital":[16],"educational":[17,50,70],"technology":[18],"has":[19],"yet":[20],"to":[21,65,74,107,135,232,245],"catch":[22],"up":[23],"as":[24,204,249],"automated":[25],"is":[27],"often":[28],"provided":[29],"shallowly.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,39,57,86,114,195,227],"case":[35],"study":[36],"on":[37,96,166,217,261],"implementing":[38],"pipeline":[40,118,177,222],"that":[41,254],"provides":[42],"German-speaking":[43],"university":[44],"students":[45,63,93],"enrolled":[46],"in":[47,85,145],"an":[48,240],"introductory-level":[49],"psychology":[51],"lecture":[52,58],"with":[53,119],"content-specific":[54],"assignment.":[59],"In":[60,186],"assignment,":[62],"have":[64],"discuss":[66],"usefulness":[68],"and":[69,102,126,170,263],"grounding":[71],"(i.e.,":[72],"connection":[73],"working":[75],"memory,":[76],"metacognition":[77],"or":[78],"motivation)":[79],"ten":[81],"learning":[82],"tips":[83],"presented":[84],"video":[87],"within":[88],"essays.":[89],"Through":[90],"our":[91],"system,":[92],"received":[94,202,212],"correctness":[98],"their":[100],"solutions":[101],"content":[103],"areas":[104],"they":[105],"needed":[106],"improve.":[108],"For":[109],"this":[110],"purpose,":[111],"we":[112,149,190],"implemented":[113],"natural":[115,219],"language":[116,220],"processing":[117,147,221],"two":[120],"steps:":[121],"(1)":[122],"segmenting":[123],"essays":[125,154],"(2)":[127],"predicting":[128],"codes":[129],"from":[130],"resulting":[132],"segments":[133],"used":[134,150,226],"generate":[136],"texts.":[138],"As":[139],"training":[140],"data":[141],"model":[144,246],"each":[146],"step,":[148,189],"689":[151],"manually":[152],"labelled":[153],"submitted":[155],"by":[156],"previous":[158],"student":[159],"cohort.":[160],"We":[161,224,238],"then":[162,225],"evaluated":[163,191],"approaches":[164],"based":[165,216],"GBERT":[167],",":[168],"T5,":[169],"bag-of-words":[171],"baselines":[172],"scoring":[174],"them.":[175],"Both":[176],"steps,":[178],"especially":[179],"transformer-based":[181],"models,":[182],"demonstrated":[183],"high":[184],"performance.":[185],"final":[188],"using":[194],"randomised":[196],"controlled":[197],"trial.":[198],"The":[199],"control":[200],"group":[201,211],"usual":[205],"(essential":[206],"feedback),":[207],"while":[208],"treatment":[210],".":[223],"six":[228],"items":[229,248],"long":[230],"survey":[231],"test":[233],"perception":[235],"feedback.":[237],"conducted":[239],"ordinary":[241],"least":[242],"squares":[243],"analysis":[244],"these":[247],"dependent":[250],"variables,":[251],"which":[252],"showed":[253],"had":[258],"positive":[259],"effects":[260],"helpfulness":[262],"reflection.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
