{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389925395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y","title":"Using BERT to Identify Causal Structure in Students\u2019 Scientific Explanations","display_name":"Using BERT to Identify Causal Structure in Students\u2019 Scientific Explanations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389925395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061433066","display_name":"Keith Cochran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-7903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith Cochran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-7903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034721319","display_name":"Clayton Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clayton Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37240, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37240, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058688853","display_name":"Peter Hastings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0183-001X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hastings","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022882291","display_name":"Noriko Tomuro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8673-5078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noriko Tomuro","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047653779","display_name":"Simon Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-3506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","display_name":"DePaul University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtx5t16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061433066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2448,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98306996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"1248","last_page":"1286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47363772988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4478512704372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.381714403629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-biology","display_name":"Computational biology","score":0.3227218985557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3062913417816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1717233657836914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47363772988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4478512704372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.381714403629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3227218985557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3062913417816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1717233657836914}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00373-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1202334929","https://openalex.org/W1540550673","https://openalex.org/W1555694191","https://openalex.org/W1606194845","https://openalex.org/W1973009402","https://openalex.org/W2017433125","https://openalex.org/W2073792037","https://openalex.org/W2087385735","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2152358231","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2251356929","https://openalex.org/W2293543588","https://openalex.org/W2503053109","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2567547739","https://openalex.org/W2605898966","https://openalex.org/W2757310600","https://openalex.org/W2801930304","https://openalex.org/W2805885247","https://openalex.org/W2809602829","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2915583795","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W2964413085","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2970812170","https://openalex.org/W2971182981","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3037554857","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3099585677","https://openalex.org/W3201077663","https://openalex.org/W4206765718","https://openalex.org/W4214856922","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4255421341","https://openalex.org/W4285188204","https://openalex.org/W6606912916","https://openalex.org/W6638318767","https://openalex.org/W6678152709","https://openalex.org/W6730267373","https://openalex.org/W6762388911","https://openalex.org/W6768432047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}