{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386022375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","title":"Investigating the Impact of Backward Strategy Learning in a Logic Tutor: Aiding Subgoal Learning Towards Improved Problem Solving","display_name":"Investigating the Impact of Backward Strategy Learning in a Logic Tutor: Aiding Subgoal Learning Towards Improved Problem Solving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386022375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052942022","display_name":"Preya Shabrina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-3662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Preya Shabrina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-3662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033882984","display_name":"Behrooz Mostafavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2908-401X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behrooz Mostafavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072909789","display_name":"Mark Abdelshiheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-7283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Abdelshiheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090231772","display_name":"Min Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1765-7837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083076004","display_name":"Tiffany Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-9976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052942022"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":3.1376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9157071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"825","last_page":"861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.6930963397026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6416478157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"Problem-based learning","score":0.5402753949165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5065227746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5050998330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.467902272939682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4000309109687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18522733449935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0952211320400238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.6930963397026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6416478157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.5402753949165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5065227746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5050998330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.467902272939682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4000309109687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18522733449935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0952211320400238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-023-00338-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3440589894","display_name":"Generalizing Data-Driven Technologies to Improve Individualized STEM Instruction by Intelligent Tutors","funder_award_id":"2013502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386022375.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145923646","https://openalex.org/W207986171","https://openalex.org/W228810421","https://openalex.org/W1550180926","https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W1997788290","https://openalex.org/W2014510839","https://openalex.org/W2022218646","https://openalex.org/W2024120329","https://openalex.org/W2029825249","https://openalex.org/W2041781135","https://openalex.org/W2045300586","https://openalex.org/W2048225703","https://openalex.org/W2055798432","https://openalex.org/W2062631615","https://openalex.org/W2065907635","https://openalex.org/W2073911647","https://openalex.org/W2078451758","https://openalex.org/W2078670908","https://openalex.org/W2080955106","https://openalex.org/W2085424272","https://openalex.org/W2126177085","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2307528615","https://openalex.org/W2553668854","https://openalex.org/W2605001955","https://openalex.org/W2746128040","https://openalex.org/W2783564415","https://openalex.org/W2809514990","https://openalex.org/W3039627841","https://openalex.org/W3047890686","https://openalex.org/W3107690577","https://openalex.org/W3133748272","https://openalex.org/W3145345338","https://openalex.org/W3185904237","https://openalex.org/W4230917753","https://openalex.org/W4233276628","https://openalex.org/W4234989302","https://openalex.org/W4301914006","https://openalex.org/W6672752436","https://openalex.org/W6783078144","https://openalex.org/W7042886025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2478195092","https://openalex.org/W4312351362","https://openalex.org/W2362145073","https://openalex.org/W2358338760","https://openalex.org/W183073912","https://openalex.org/W2119729863","https://openalex.org/W2887971028","https://openalex.org/W2558686935","https://openalex.org/W2501172308","https://openalex.org/W2901140034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Learning":[1],"to":[2,34,38,73,89,125,189],"derive":[3],"subgoals":[4,226],"reduces":[5],"the":[6,74,83,140,210,235],"gap":[7],"between":[8],"experts":[9],"and":[10,12,30,63,121,135,149,157,177,202,223],"students":[11,14,127,195,205,218],"makes":[13],"prepared":[15],"for":[16,100],"future":[17],"problem":[18,28,79,122],"solving.":[19],"Researchers":[20],"have":[21],"explored":[22],"subgoal-labeled":[23],"instructional":[24],"materials":[25],"in":[26,50,151,162,178],"traditional":[27],"solving":[29,80,123],"within":[31,60,104],"tutoring":[32],"systems":[33],"help":[35,126,171],"novices":[36],"learn":[37,128],"subgoal.":[39],"However,":[40],"only":[41,213],"a":[42,86,97],"little":[43],"research":[44],"is":[45,70],"found":[46],"on":[47],"problem-solving":[48,68,136],"strategies":[49,57],"relationship":[51],"with":[52,148,199,220,230],"subgoal":[53,88],"learning.":[54],"Also,":[55],"these":[56],"are":[58],"under-explored":[59],"computer-based":[61],"tutors":[62],"learning":[64,103,152],"environments.":[65],"The":[66,113],"backward":[67,101,117,129,153],"strategy":[69,99,102,130],"closely":[71],"related":[72],"process":[75],"of":[76,175,209],"subgoaling,":[77],"where":[78],"iteratively":[81],"refines":[82],"goal":[84],"into":[85],"new":[87,163,185],"reduce":[90],"difficulty.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"we":[95,143],"explore":[96],"training":[98,114,141,176],"an":[105],"intelligent":[106],"logic":[107],"tutor":[108,170,193],"that":[109,165],"teaches":[110],"logic-proof":[111],"construction.":[112],"session":[115],"involved":[116],"worked":[118],"examples":[119],"(BWE)":[120],"(BPS)":[124],"towards":[131],"improving":[132],"their":[133],"subgoaling":[134],"skills.":[137],"To":[138],"evaluate":[139],"strategy,":[142,154],"analyzed":[144],"students\u2019":[145],"1)":[146],"experience":[147],"engagement":[150],"2)":[155],"performance":[156],"3)":[158],"proof":[159,228],"construction":[160,229],"approaches":[161],"problems":[164,186],"they":[166],"solved":[167],"independently":[168],"without":[169,191],"after":[172],"each":[173],"level":[174],"posttest.":[179],"Our":[180],"results":[181],"showed":[182],"that,":[183],"when":[184],"were":[187,197],"given":[188],"solve":[190],"any":[192],"help,":[194],"who":[196,206],"trained":[198,219],"both":[200,221],"BWE":[201,214,222],"BPS":[203,224],"outperformed":[204],"received":[207],"none":[208],"treatment":[211],"or":[212],"during":[215,227],"training.":[216],"Additionally,":[217],"derived":[225],"significantly":[231],"higher":[232],"efficiency":[233],"than":[234],"other":[236],"two":[237],"groups.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}