{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168685504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","title":"Disparities in Students\u2019 Propensity to Consent to Learning Analytics","display_name":"Disparities in Students\u2019 Propensity to Consent to Learning Analytics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168685504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","mag":"3168685504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002095963","display_name":"Warren Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3120-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Warren Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3120-7728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025058366","display_name":"Kaiwen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-2792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-2792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061205711","display_name":"Florian Schaub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-7155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Schaub","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-7155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081802677","display_name":"Christopher Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0875-0204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, University of Michigan, 105 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002095963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":8.3241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97674419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"564","last_page":"608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":0.9280999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.6720479726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.5418972969055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.510216236114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.5077394247055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.49808573722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.4825993776321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27331236004829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.24703556299209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23612967133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.11463850736618042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.6720479726791382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5418972969055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.510216236114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5077394247055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.49808573722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4825993776321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27331236004829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.24703556299209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23612967133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11463850736618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40593-021-00254-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306518","display_name":"Spencer Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00rdpwj76"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168685504.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168685504.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156865456","https://openalex.org/W211417945","https://openalex.org/W237441573","https://openalex.org/W817684483","https://openalex.org/W868320849","https://openalex.org/W1484671680","https://openalex.org/W1496971482","https://openalex.org/W1512582566","https://openalex.org/W1543971459","https://openalex.org/W1546751316","https://openalex.org/W1588510254","https://openalex.org/W1729314529","https://openalex.org/W1767221768","https://openalex.org/W1803273808","https://openalex.org/W1918776538","https://openalex.org/W1941503951","https://openalex.org/W1964302339","https://openalex.org/W1967124739","https://openalex.org/W1977093588","https://openalex.org/W1977726968","https://openalex.org/W1980686971","https://openalex.org/W1991263018","https://openalex.org/W1995104415","https://openalex.org/W2002866226","https://openalex.org/W2007099238","https://openalex.org/W2011906540","https://openalex.org/W2014677756","https://openalex.org/W2027239661","https://openalex.org/W2042125232","https://openalex.org/W2050950995","https://openalex.org/W2052006297","https://openalex.org/W2052775041","https://openalex.org/W2057872604","https://openalex.org/W2072392238","https://openalex.org/W2073503981","https://openalex.org/W2086515560","https://openalex.org/W2087750029","https://openalex.org/W2091288655","https://openalex.org/W2092044160","https://openalex.org/W2092976873","https://openalex.org/W2097355889","https://openalex.org/W2109636322","https://openalex.org/W2119497929","https://openalex.org/W2119738974","https://openalex.org/W2125761350","https://openalex.org/W2136419363","https://openalex.org/W2136814393","https://openalex.org/W2143914272","https://openalex.org/W2144041028","https://openalex.org/W2149282659","https://openalex.org/W2153378020","https://openalex.org/W2154745251","https://openalex.org/W2161280932","https://openalex.org/W2162090071","https://openalex.org/W2163241745","https://openalex.org/W2168821532","https://openalex.org/W2168907003","https://openalex.org/W2188511048","https://openalex.org/W2283599463","https://openalex.org/W2290984141","https://openalex.org/W2309789332","https://openalex.org/W2316966198","https://openalex.org/W2327507397","https://openalex.org/W2336314092","https://openalex.org/W2413281502","https://openalex.org/W2489889335","https://openalex.org/W2508735863","https://openalex.org/W2511623227","https://openalex.org/W2513036450","https://openalex.org/W2604782718","https://openalex.org/W2610713525","https://openalex.org/W2733630246","https://openalex.org/W2770347700","https://openalex.org/W2770374759","https://openalex.org/W2782248417","https://openalex.org/W2798304687","https://openalex.org/W2890819819","https://openalex.org/W2892331156","https://openalex.org/W2895819575","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2915125536","https://openalex.org/W2915273119","https://openalex.org/W2916024909","https://openalex.org/W2921764039","https://openalex.org/W2942119556","https://openalex.org/W2963351127","https://openalex.org/W2963917042","https://openalex.org/W2965749257","https://openalex.org/W2971682184","https://openalex.org/W2972011292","https://openalex.org/W3097991090","https://openalex.org/W3104888999","https://openalex.org/W3122370519","https://openalex.org/W3122962492","https://openalex.org/W3125498024","https://openalex.org/W3147102143","https://openalex.org/W3187868638","https://openalex.org/W3210030168","https://openalex.org/W4206354368","https://openalex.org/W4210974585","https://openalex.org/W4232374464","https://openalex.org/W4243390785","https://openalex.org/W4253498450","https://openalex.org/W4289418544","https://openalex.org/W4383956319","https://openalex.org/W6608520768","https://openalex.org/W6629804104","https://openalex.org/W6642074831","https://openalex.org/W6687264961","https://openalex.org/W6741003801","https://openalex.org/W6996845200","https://openalex.org/W7071652794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987827786","https://openalex.org/W2799586942","https://openalex.org/W2504091800","https://openalex.org/W2331775400","https://openalex.org/W2816728186","https://openalex.org/W2804624249","https://openalex.org/W2560130217","https://openalex.org/W605203981","https://openalex.org/W4225313275","https://openalex.org/W3097749327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Use":[1],"of":[2,35,110,127,143,187,204,238],"university":[3,61],"students\u2019":[4,62,96,162],"educational":[5],"data":[6,24,144,153,195,206],"for":[7,155,209],"learning":[8,36,67,82,156,167,210],"analytics":[9,37,68,83],"has":[10],"spurred":[11],"a":[12,85,108,231],"debate":[13],"about":[14],"whether":[15,93],"and":[16,26,51,73,78,94,119,149,183,218,227],"how":[17],"to":[18,64,66,107,164,181],"provide":[19],"students":[20,32,112,122,172,191],"with":[21,124,140,151,194,202],"agency":[22,221],"regarding":[23,81],"collection":[25,145,196],"use.":[27],"A":[28],"concern":[29],"is":[30,223],"that":[31,136,171,220],"opting":[33],"out":[34,50],"may":[38],"skew":[39],"predictive":[40,57],"models,":[41],"in":[42,84,161,166,234],"particular":[43],"if":[44],"certain":[45],"student":[46,101],"populations":[47],"disproportionately":[48],"opt":[49],"biases":[52],"are":[53],"unintentionally":[54],"introduced":[55],"into":[56],"models.":[58],"We":[59,134,169],"investigated":[60],"propensity":[63,98],"consent":[65,97],"through":[69],"an":[70],"email":[71,105],"prompt,":[72],"collected":[74],"respondents\u2019":[75],"perceived":[76,147],"benefits":[77],"privacy":[79],"concerns":[80,139,193],"subsequent":[86],"online":[87],"survey.":[88,133],"In":[89],"particular,":[90],"we":[91],"studied":[92],"why":[95],"differs":[99],"among":[100],"subpopulations":[102],"bysending":[103],"our":[104,114],"prompt":[106],"sample":[109],"4,000":[111],"at":[113],"institution":[115],"stratified":[116],"by":[117,207],"ethnicity":[118],"gender.":[120],"272":[121],"interacted":[123],"the":[125,132,141,236],"email,":[126],"which":[128],"119":[129],"also":[130,199,229],"completed":[131],"identified":[135],"institutional":[137,188,225],"trust,":[138],"amount":[142],"versus":[146],"benefits,":[148],"comfort":[150],"instructors\u2019":[152],"use":[154,203],"engagement":[157,211],"were":[158,177,198],"key":[159],"determinants":[160],"decision":[163],"participate":[165],"analytics.":[168],"find":[170],"identifying":[173],"ethnically":[174],"as":[175],"Black":[176],"significantly":[178],"less":[179],"likely":[180],"respond":[182],"self-reported":[184],"lower":[185],"levels":[186],"trust.":[189],"Female":[190],"reported":[192],"but":[197],"more":[200],"comfortable":[201],"their":[205],"instructors":[208,228],"purposes.":[212],"Students\u2019":[213],"comments":[214],"corroborate":[215],"these":[216],"findings":[217],"suggest":[219],"alone":[222],"insufficient;":[224],"leaders":[226],"play":[230],"large":[232],"role":[233],"alleviating":[235],"issue":[237],"bias.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}