{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2273188821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","title":"The Future of Adaptive Learning: Does the Crowd Hold the Key?","display_name":"The Future of Adaptive Learning: Does the Crowd Hold the Key?","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2273188821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","mag":"2273188821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40593-016-0094-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40593-016-0094-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078998782","display_name":"Neil T. Heffernan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neil T. Heffernan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022218614","display_name":"Korinn Ostrow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-1802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korinn S. Ostrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038521098","display_name":"Kelly Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-4323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074734777","display_name":"Douglas Selent","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas Selent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058764661","display_name":"Eric G. Van Inwegen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric G. Van Inwegen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111002623","display_name":"Xiaolu Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-4593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069476228","display_name":"Joseph Jay Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-5242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Jay Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["HarvardX, Harvard University, 125 Mt. Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HarvardX, Harvard University, 125 Mt. Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078998782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3889,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96618399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"615","last_page":"644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.7683620452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7157878875732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6613173484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5822203159332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5427407026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.5363318920135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47084853053092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-learning","display_name":"Adaptive learning","score":0.4545532763004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.43973490595817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40544506907463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24598422646522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20390501618385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.19501987099647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09265875816345215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7683620452880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7157878875732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6613173484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5822203159332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5427407026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.5363318920135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47084853053092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.4545532763004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.43973490595817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40544506907463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24598422646522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20390501618385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.19501987099647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09265875816345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40593-016-0094-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0094-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs40593-016-0094-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1128133788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Gates","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2050073735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1316736","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2114053127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0448319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3335205620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A07440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4199490409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0742503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4252303137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305K03140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G440167496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1535428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4430681803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0231773","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5672457875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305C100024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5906920533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A120125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6133684713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1109483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8337109446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1440753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G842482667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GAANN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8763841068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1252297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G899203672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1031398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","display_name":"U.S. Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306518","display_name":"Spencer Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00rdpwj76"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308675","display_name":"Educause","ror":"https://ror.org/0486x5a41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2273188821.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2273188821.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90337360","https://openalex.org/W1175049046","https://openalex.org/W1494137514","https://openalex.org/W1500693574","https://openalex.org/W1502484722","https://openalex.org/W1506754461","https://openalex.org/W1525088415","https://openalex.org/W1590411898","https://openalex.org/W1608374974","https://openalex.org/W1975725007","https://openalex.org/W1976778374","https://openalex.org/W1995864528","https://openalex.org/W1998498767","https://openalex.org/W2009551863","https://openalex.org/W2013929512","https://openalex.org/W2020740057","https://openalex.org/W2022794160","https://openalex.org/W2028953510","https://openalex.org/W2035683813","https://openalex.org/W2045892050","https://openalex.org/W2077443122","https://openalex.org/W2088700588","https://openalex.org/W2089966986","https://openalex.org/W2097330897","https://openalex.org/W2110567865","https://openalex.org/W2110661236","https://openalex.org/W2130232844","https://openalex.org/W2132853433","https://openalex.org/W2134406267","https://openalex.org/W2154348687","https://openalex.org/W2168144930","https://openalex.org/W2171054741","https://openalex.org/W2171913066","https://openalex.org/W2206287847","https://openalex.org/W2206440038","https://openalex.org/W2295145241","https://openalex.org/W2331838567","https://openalex.org/W2404488675","https://openalex.org/W2411911989","https://openalex.org/W2559122630","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2576985023","https://openalex.org/W2579780510","https://openalex.org/W3121257585","https://openalex.org/W3123736142","https://openalex.org/W3125494103","https://openalex.org/W4210905880","https://openalex.org/W4238960784","https://openalex.org/W6636231996","https://openalex.org/W6649871043","https://openalex.org/W6714803111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W4286908577"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}