{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170301050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","title":"Who determines United States Healthcare out-of-pocket costs? Factor ranking and selection using ensemble learning","display_name":"Who determines United States Healthcare out-of-pocket costs? Factor ranking and selection using ensemble learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170301050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","mag":"3170301050","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34123374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8184979","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086701235","display_name":"Chengcheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-405X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800332805","display_name":"Claremont Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sqep420","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-405X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135","https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032804954","display_name":"Yujia Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2762-4652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800332805","display_name":"Claremont Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sqep420","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","Claremont Graduate University, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135","https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049237657","display_name":"Qidi Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-3611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800332805","display_name":"Claremont Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05sqep420","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qidi Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","Claremont Graduate University, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135","https://openalex.org/I2800332805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University, Department of Economic Sciences, 150 E. 10th Street, California, Claremont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086701235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135","https://openalex.org/I2800332805"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84963858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.46299999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.46299999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11773","display_name":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","score":0.08250000327825546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.06539999693632126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.7471094131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-expenditure-panel-survey","display_name":"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","score":0.5189720988273621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5123275518417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5101933479309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5076812505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5063954591751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-oriented-programming","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","score":0.4818216860294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds","display_name":"Odds","score":0.4262073040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3827608525753021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3468659520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance","display_name":"Health insurance","score":0.34383732080459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.3261997699737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21409758925437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19196149706840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1827692687511444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.1637723445892334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.7471094131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780777579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806347","display_name":"Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","level":4,"score":0.5189720988273621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5123275518417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5101933479309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5076812505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5063954591751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73752529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79872","display_name":"Object-oriented programming","level":2,"score":0.4818216860294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4262073040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3827608525753021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3468659520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983635472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334911","display_name":"Health insurance","level":3,"score":0.34383732080459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3261997699737549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21409758925437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19196149706840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1827692687511444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.1637723445892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00153-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34123374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34123374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health information science and systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8184979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8184979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Inf Sci Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8184979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8184979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Inf Sci Syst","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W227697231","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1590770963","https://openalex.org/W1908294898","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1983297679","https://openalex.org/W1989674525","https://openalex.org/W1993902164","https://openalex.org/W2027295120","https://openalex.org/W2036247719","https://openalex.org/W2048747368","https://openalex.org/W2075285473","https://openalex.org/W2075544306","https://openalex.org/W2087598211","https://openalex.org/W2099888955","https://openalex.org/W2100805904","https://openalex.org/W2102446309","https://openalex.org/W2104063220","https://openalex.org/W2104928026","https://openalex.org/W2109966409","https://openalex.org/W2110262716","https://openalex.org/W2125115221","https://openalex.org/W2127425413","https://openalex.org/W2130008174","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2142563012","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2159316366","https://openalex.org/W2163925289","https://openalex.org/W2283141919","https://openalex.org/W2423939928","https://openalex.org/W2590331742","https://openalex.org/W2625691381","https://openalex.org/W2771016647","https://openalex.org/W2786817645","https://openalex.org/W2797583072","https://openalex.org/W2914192802","https://openalex.org/W2979768659","https://openalex.org/W3037352346","https://openalex.org/W3141780414","https://openalex.org/W3206788157","https://openalex.org/W4249303080","https://openalex.org/W6607311024","https://openalex.org/W6741866611","https://openalex.org/W7070293957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970500064","https://openalex.org/W1604849300","https://openalex.org/W4231328776","https://openalex.org/W2766061861","https://openalex.org/W2799747663","https://openalex.org/W3149885173","https://openalex.org/W2544108464","https://openalex.org/W2203658156","https://openalex.org/W2325863234","https://openalex.org/W2095387423"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}