{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131191101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","title":"Studying human-AI collaboration protocols: the case of the Kasparov\u2019s law in radiological double reading","display_name":"Studying human-AI collaboration protocols: the case of the Kasparov\u2019s law in radiological double reading","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131191101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","mag":"3131191101","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33585029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023849668","display_name":"Federico Cabitza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-3415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Cabitza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milan, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-3415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045931370","display_name":"Andrea Campagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0027-5157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Campagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milan, Italy","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079824065","display_name":"Luca Maria Sconfienza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0759-8431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Maria Sconfienza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy","IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023849668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":1.1379,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79868819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"8","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.878600001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.878600001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.04989999905228615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.8156627416610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiological-weapon","display_name":"Radiological weapon","score":0.4924353063106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42298823595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.36272647976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.31086477637290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12983104586601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.052112728357315063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.8156627416610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190892606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3512464","display_name":"Radiological weapon","level":2,"score":0.4924353063106537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42298823595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.36272647976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31086477637290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12983104586601257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.052112728357315063}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33585029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33585029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health information science and systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/815130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2434/815130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400516","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","host_organization_name":"University of Milan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/305149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/305149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7864624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7864624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Inf Sci Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13755-021-00138-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321610","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131191101.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131191101.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521226446","https://openalex.org/W1631150390","https://openalex.org/W1909793163","https://openalex.org/W1917647701","https://openalex.org/W2093834265","https://openalex.org/W2132987776","https://openalex.org/W2143107436","https://openalex.org/W2150671093","https://openalex.org/W2155859548","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2300445845","https://openalex.org/W2306983532","https://openalex.org/W2505154625","https://openalex.org/W2512902140","https://openalex.org/W2580299352","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2738975713","https://openalex.org/W2765463398","https://openalex.org/W2789565832","https://openalex.org/W2794467195","https://openalex.org/W2797035815","https://openalex.org/W2806853752","https://openalex.org/W2899835486","https://openalex.org/W2904422552","https://openalex.org/W2912879272","https://openalex.org/W2919759422","https://openalex.org/W2921072211","https://openalex.org/W2955853369","https://openalex.org/W2957184985","https://openalex.org/W2964657045","https://openalex.org/W2967990436","https://openalex.org/W2969628975","https://openalex.org/W2972588473","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2979279941","https://openalex.org/W2990795246","https://openalex.org/W3002683979","https://openalex.org/W3011571399","https://openalex.org/W3013681994","https://openalex.org/W3015331120","https://openalex.org/W3026531140","https://openalex.org/W3031679542","https://openalex.org/W3041873840","https://openalex.org/W3045405053","https://openalex.org/W3046399757","https://openalex.org/W3080906432","https://openalex.org/W3081078899","https://openalex.org/W3081148364","https://openalex.org/W3085682242","https://openalex.org/W3168454331","https://openalex.org/W6604344240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2037055773","https://openalex.org/W2031600237","https://openalex.org/W209247011","https://openalex.org/W299246606","https://openalex.org/W4252678758","https://openalex.org/W2165890417","https://openalex.org/W2096460790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"The":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,72,77,88,110,144,172,178,186,198,213,235,239,249],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"into":[6],"medical":[7],"practices":[8],"has":[9,28],"recently":[10],"been":[11,31],"advocated":[12],"for":[13],"the":[14,35,70,85,101,108,169,173,191,196,199,210,214,233,247],"promise":[15],"to":[16,22,253,261],"bring":[17],"increased":[18],"efficiency":[19],"and":[20,112,123,264],"effectiveness":[21],"these":[23],"practices.":[24,269],"Nonetheless,":[25],"little":[26],"research":[27],"so":[29,260],"far":[30],"aimed":[32],"at":[33],"understanding":[34],"best":[36],"human-AI":[37,258],"interaction":[38,131,223],"protocols":[39,206,224],"in":[40,44,69,81,95],"collaborative":[41],"tasks,":[42],"even":[43,238],"currently":[45],"more":[46,265],"viable":[47],"settings,":[48],"like":[49],"independent":[50],"double-reading":[51,97],"screening":[52],"tasks.":[53],"METHODS:":[54],"To":[55],"this":[56],"aim,":[57],"we":[58,83,105],"report":[59],"about":[60],"a":[61,151],"retrospective":[62],"case-control":[63],"study,":[64],"involving":[65],"12":[66],"board-certified":[67],"radiologists,":[68],"detection":[71],"knee":[73],"lesions":[74],"by":[75,100,129,163,190],"means":[76],"Magnetic":[78],"Resonance":[79],"Imaging,":[80],"which":[82],"simulated":[84],"serial":[86],"combination":[87,109],"two":[89,140],"Deep":[90],"Learning":[91],"models":[92,114,121],"with":[93,168,209],"humans":[94,111,145],"eight":[96],"protocols.":[98],"Inspired":[99],"so-called":[102],"Kasparov's":[103,174,215],"Laws,":[104],"investigate":[106],"whether":[107,124],"AI":[113,120,153,242],"could":[115,133],"achieve":[116],"better":[117,255],"performance":[118,229,234],"than":[119,150],"alone,":[122],"weak":[125],"reader,":[126],"when":[127,195],"supported":[128,189],"fit-for-use":[130],"protocols,":[132],"out-perform":[134],"stronger":[135,187],"readers.":[136],"RESULTS:":[137],"We":[138],"discuss":[139],"main":[141],"findings:":[142],"groups":[143],"who":[146],"perform":[147],"significantly":[148,155,179,183],"worse":[149],"state-of-the-art":[152],"can":[154,182,225],"outperform":[156,184],"it":[157],"if":[158],"their":[159],"judgements":[160],"are":[161,202],"aggregated":[162],"majority":[164],"voting":[165],"(in":[166,207],"concordance":[167,208],"first":[170],"part":[171,212],"law);":[175],"small":[176],"ensembles":[177],"weaker":[180],"readers":[181],"teams":[185],"readers,":[188],"same":[192],"computational":[193],"tool,":[194],"judgments":[197],"former":[200],"ones":[201],"combined":[203],"within":[204,257],"\"fit-for-use\"":[205],"second":[211],"law).":[216],"CONCLUSION:":[217],"Our":[218],"study":[219],"shows":[220],"that":[221,230],"good":[222],"guarantee":[226,254],"improved":[227],"decision":[228],"easily":[231],"surpasses":[232],"individual":[236],"agents,":[237],"realistic":[240],"super-human":[241],"systems.":[243],"This":[244],"finding":[245],"highlights":[246],"importance":[248],"focusing":[250],"on":[251],"how":[252],"co-operation":[256],"teams,":[259],"enable":[262],"safer":[263],"human":[266],"sustainable":[267],"care":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
