{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092441108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","title":"Automated detection of mild and multi-class diabetic eye diseases using deep learning","display_name":"Automated detection of mild and multi-class diabetic eye diseases using deep learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092441108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","mag":"3092441108","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33088488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7544802","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086577635","display_name":"Rubina Sarki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107908","display_name":"Ballarat Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmjwt28","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rubina Sarki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-9567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521","https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055060253","display_name":"Khandakar Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107908","display_name":"Ballarat Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmjwt28","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khandakar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521","https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403969","display_name":"Hua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8465-0996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107908","display_name":"Ballarat Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmjwt28","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521","https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049750015","display_name":"Yanchun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5094-5980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149672521","display_name":"Federation University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbzwv83","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149672521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107908","display_name":"Ballarat Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmjwt28","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanchun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC 3011 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521","https://openalex.org/I4210107908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086577635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149672521","https://openalex.org/I4210107908"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.3742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":178,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98923894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"32","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.7276646494865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7251818776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6853490471839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.645635187625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5973415970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5762078166007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.5433474779129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5313081741333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.47173893451690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.426051527261734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4177216589450836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.39181244373321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38327494263648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2951779365539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.231267511844635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.7276646494865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7251818776130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6853490471839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.645635187625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5973415970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5762078166007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5433474779129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5313081741333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.47173893451690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.426051527261734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4177216589450836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39181244373321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38327494263648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2951779365539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.231267511844635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13755-020-00125-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178793","display_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","issn_l":"2047-2501","issn":["2047-2501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Information Science and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33088488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33088488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health information science and systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.vu.edu.au:42852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42852/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400215","display_name":"Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","host_organization_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7544802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7544802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Inf Sci Syst","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7544802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7544802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Inf Sci Syst","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1468480166","https://openalex.org/W1537158318","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1897657709","https://openalex.org/W1959000896","https://openalex.org/W1975032911","https://openalex.org/W2058428120","https://openalex.org/W2060968434","https://openalex.org/W2090272372","https://openalex.org/W2159764117","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W2265638863","https://openalex.org/W2293295816","https://openalex.org/W2426274714","https://openalex.org/W2463187181","https://openalex.org/W2469369919","https://openalex.org/W2471736554","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2546844354","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2567187421","https://openalex.org/W2570893893","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2589074029","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2763323349","https://openalex.org/W2767040741","https://openalex.org/W2789816877","https://openalex.org/W2809160962","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2894558420","https://openalex.org/W2904896730","https://openalex.org/W2906424845","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2934420704","https://openalex.org/W2981826026","https://openalex.org/W3001208697","https://openalex.org/W3005844399","https://openalex.org/W3008330356","https://openalex.org/W3026501901","https://openalex.org/W3125108048","https://openalex.org/W3130201740","https://openalex.org/W4255421341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W186124986","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W3167510834","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W4226141369","https://openalex.org/W3081392993"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
