{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400064933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","title":"Less can be more: representational vs. stereotypical gender bias in facial expression recognition","display_name":"Less can be more: representational vs. stereotypical gender bias in facial expression recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400064933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074741708","display_name":"Iris Dominguez-Catena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6099-8701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iris Dominguez-Catena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027737844","display_name":"Daniel Paternain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Paternain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005023179","display_name":"Ar\u00e1nzazu Jur\u00edo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aranzazu Jurio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048848385","display_name":"Mikel Galar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","display_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02z0cah89","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikel Galar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Arrosadia Campus, 31006, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074741708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"fwci":3.4742,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92596055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6663002371788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5826656818389893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5544577240943909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5221424698829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.516669750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.5030273795127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49888038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49402886629104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4754868745803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4381702244281769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.42481765151023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.41385209560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34087252616882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.19020774960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11491650342941284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6663002371788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5826656818389893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5544577240943909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5221424698829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.516669750213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5030273795127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49888038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49402886629104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4754868745803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4381702244281769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.42481765151023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.41385209560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34087252616882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.19020774960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11491650342941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2406.17405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17405","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.17405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/53648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2454/53648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402560","display_name":"Academica-e (Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I175051016","host_organization_name":"Universidad Publica de Navarra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175051016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-024-00345-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2812629904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0011-1411-2020-000079 - Emotional Films","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329682","funder_display_name":"Gobierno de Navarra"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3025668325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3429648993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4126322094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4816244515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FEDER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4823988706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-118014RB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G661330594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6685425346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260616629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8353706071","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Leonardo","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309764","funder_display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G839396916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2022-136627NB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 FEDER, UE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309764","display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01jzs3b90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323113","display_name":"Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria","ror":"https://ror.org/0537dnd74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329682","display_name":"Gobierno de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/025qq4838"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400064933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400064933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2120474334","https://openalex.org/W2168405658","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2617484818","https://openalex.org/W2744909235","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2964347177","https://openalex.org/W2979431738","https://openalex.org/W3004493409","https://openalex.org/W3119746452","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3127463063","https://openalex.org/W3137010024","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3185094524","https://openalex.org/W3189062941","https://openalex.org/W3192706046","https://openalex.org/W3210630937","https://openalex.org/W3211894574","https://openalex.org/W3213556453","https://openalex.org/W4210389516","https://openalex.org/W4213278005","https://openalex.org/W4220684352","https://openalex.org/W4224911196","https://openalex.org/W4225463334","https://openalex.org/W4287591412","https://openalex.org/W4289333802","https://openalex.org/W4309399675","https://openalex.org/W4318465282","https://openalex.org/W4376645477","https://openalex.org/W4388229648","https://openalex.org/W4388704884","https://openalex.org/W4390229867","https://openalex.org/W4391547503","https://openalex.org/W4399080677","https://openalex.org/W4402671548","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386430105","https://openalex.org/W2356521405","https://openalex.org/W2038534795","https://openalex.org/W2384358604","https://openalex.org/W1567829292","https://openalex.org/W3001063351","https://openalex.org/W3196905815","https://openalex.org/W2351370765","https://openalex.org/W3133811809","https://openalex.org/W1967452726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Machine":[1],"learning":[2,71],"models":[3,53,142],"can":[4,210],"inherit":[5],"biases":[6,35,66,105],"from":[7,67],"their":[8,148],"training":[9,30,192],"data,":[10],"leading":[11],"to":[12,46,51,103,155],"discriminatory":[13],"or":[14],"inaccurate":[15],"predictions.":[16,164],"This":[17],"is":[18,233],"particularly":[19],"concerning":[20],"with":[21],"the":[22,52,62,76,93,115,157,162,185,191,205,220,236],"increasing":[23],"use":[24,111],"of":[25,64,83,95,114,132,159,187,230,238],"large,":[26],"unsupervised":[27],"datasets":[28,38,68],"for":[29,122,214,222,235],"foundational":[31],"models.":[32,72],"Traditionally,":[33],"demographic":[34,65,78],"within":[36],"these":[37,144],"have":[39],"not":[40],"been":[41],"well-understood,":[42],"limiting":[43],"our":[44,89,120],"ability":[45,182],"understand":[47],"how":[48],"they":[49],"propagate":[50],"themselves.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"this":[57,59],"issue,":[58],"paper":[60],"investigates":[61],"propagation":[63,158],"into":[69,161],"machine":[70],"We":[73,110],"focus":[74],"on":[75,143,150,204],"gender":[77,189],"component,":[79],"analyzing":[80],"two":[81],"types":[82,229],"bias:":[84],"representational":[85,134,169],"and":[86,125,135],"stereotypical.":[87],"For":[88],"analysis,":[90],"we":[91,139],"consider":[92],"domain":[94],"facial":[96],"expression":[97],"recognition":[98],"(FER),":[99],"a":[100,151,172,179,198,223],"field":[101],"known":[102],"exhibit":[104,178],"in":[106,184,190],"most":[107],"popular":[108],"datasets.":[109],"Affectnet,":[112],"one":[113,188],"largest":[116],"FER":[117],"datasets,":[118],"as":[119],"baseline":[121],"carefully":[123],"designing":[124],"generating":[126],"subsets":[127],"that":[128,168,226],"incorporate":[129],"varying":[130],"strengths":[131],"both":[133],"stereotypical":[136,195],"bias.":[137],"Subsequently,":[138],"train":[140],"several":[141],"biased":[145,206],"subsets,":[146],"evaluating":[147],"performance":[149],"common":[152],"test":[153],"set":[154],"assess":[156],"bias":[160,170,196,224,240],"models\u2019":[163],"Our":[165],"results":[166,218],"show":[167],"has":[171,197],"weaker":[173],"impact":[174],"than":[175],"expected.":[176],"Models":[177],"good":[180],"generalization":[181],"even":[183],"absence":[186],"dataset.":[193],"Conversely,":[194],"significantly":[199],"stronger":[200],"impact,":[201],"primarily":[202],"concentrated":[203],"class,":[207],"although":[208],"it":[209],"also":[211],"influence":[212],"predictions":[213],"unbiased":[215],"classes.":[216],"These":[217],"highlight":[219],"need":[221],"analysis":[225],"differentiates":[227],"between":[228],"bias,":[231],"which":[232],"crucial":[234],"development":[237],"effective":[239],"mitigation":[241],"strategies.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
