{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200541324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","title":"Natural language query formalization to SPARQL for querying knowledge bases using Rasa","display_name":"Natural language query formalization to SPARQL for querying knowledge bases using Rasa","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200541324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085318374","display_name":"Divyansh Shankar Mishra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Divyansh Shankar Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082641160","display_name":"Abhinav Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722667","display_name":"B. P. Swathi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. P. Swathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032558276","display_name":"Akshay KC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-0252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K C. Akshay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085318374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"fwci":1.0878,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8236099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"193","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9165747165679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparql","display_name":"SPARQL","score":0.8236123323440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-language","display_name":"Query language","score":0.6917530298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5932061672210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5475327968597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.522337794303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5144200921058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rdf-query-language","display_name":"RDF query language","score":0.48470234870910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.46889322996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.46169742941856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4235788583755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.3188551664352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.2536831200122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.24781212210655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rdf","display_name":"RDF","score":0.16999712586402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.09886589646339417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9165747165679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41009113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54871","display_name":"SPARQL","level":4,"score":0.8236123323440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.6917530298233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5932061672210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5475327968597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.522337794303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5144200921058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96956885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6138701","display_name":"RDF query language","level":5,"score":0.48470234870910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.46889322996139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.46169742941856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4235788583755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.3188551664352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.2536831200122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.24781212210655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147497476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54872","display_name":"RDF","level":3,"score":0.16999712586402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.09886589646339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00271-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200541324.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200541324.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128985007","https://openalex.org/W310870729","https://openalex.org/W1509946529","https://openalex.org/W1552847225","https://openalex.org/W1801866228","https://openalex.org/W1982520400","https://openalex.org/W2016753842","https://openalex.org/W2032374895","https://openalex.org/W2036443293","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2153941542","https://openalex.org/W2260667602","https://openalex.org/W2308379836","https://openalex.org/W2460941847","https://openalex.org/W2488984245","https://openalex.org/W2589709136","https://openalex.org/W2608787653","https://openalex.org/W2739716023","https://openalex.org/W2762513422","https://openalex.org/W2765311216","https://openalex.org/W2911149996","https://openalex.org/W2938472842","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2964271186","https://openalex.org/W2980708516","https://openalex.org/W3099023595","https://openalex.org/W4298228514","https://openalex.org/W6601867051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120236199","https://openalex.org/W1821144310","https://openalex.org/W3193425175","https://openalex.org/W1574546694","https://openalex.org/W2494918970","https://openalex.org/W610744264","https://openalex.org/W2098306546","https://openalex.org/W2614542053","https://openalex.org/W2313707335","https://openalex.org/W2296445635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"idea":[2],"of":[3,13,24,29,35,134,208,211,215,224],"data":[4,16,173],"to":[5,42,54,92,109],"be":[6,93],"semantically":[7,104],"linked":[8,15,172],"and":[9,50,68,74,198,213],"the":[10,25,33,43,128,132,221,225],"subsequent":[11],"usage":[12,133],"this":[14,36,58,121],"with":[17,46,142,193],"modern":[18],"computer":[19],"applications":[20],"has":[21,38,114,130],"been":[22,39,115],"one":[23],"most":[26,81],"important":[27],"aspects":[28],"Web":[30],"3.0.":[31],"However,":[32],"actualization":[34],"aspect":[37],"challenging":[40],"due":[41],"difficulties":[44],"associated":[45],"building":[47],"knowledge":[48],"bases":[49],"using":[51,174,187],"formal":[52,83,111],"languages":[53],"query":[55,66,100,168],"them.":[56],"In":[57],"regard,":[59],"SPARQL,":[60],"a":[61,80,148,152,206],"recursive":[62],"acronym":[63],"for":[64,70,96,139,150,170,176],"standard":[65],"language":[67,99,107,112,140,167],"protocol":[69],"Linked":[71],"Open":[72],"Data":[73],"Resource":[75],"Description":[76],"Framework":[77],"databases,":[78],"is":[79,90,157,185,200],"popular":[82],"querying":[84,171],"language.":[85],"Nonetheless,":[86],"writing":[87],"SPARQL":[88],"queries":[89,108],"known":[91],"difficult,":[94],"even":[95],"experts.":[97],"Natural":[98],"formalization,":[101],"which":[102,156,217],"involves":[103],"parsing":[105],"natural":[106,166],"their":[110],"equivalents,":[113],"an":[116,161],"essential":[117],"step":[118],"in":[119,127,191],"overcoming":[120],"steep":[122],"learning":[123],"curve.":[124],"Recent":[125],"work":[126],"field":[129],"seen":[131],"artificial":[135],"intelligence":[136],"(AI)":[137],"techniques":[138],"modelling":[141],"adequate":[143],"accuracy.":[144],"This":[145],"paper":[146],"discusses":[147],"design":[149],"creating":[151],"closed":[153],"domain":[154],"ontology,":[155],"then":[158],"used":[159],"by":[160],"AI-powered":[162],"chat-bot":[163],"that":[164,202],"incorporates":[165],"formalization":[169],"Rasa":[175,189],"entity":[177],"extraction":[178],"after":[179],"intent":[180],"recognition.":[181],"A":[182],"precision\u2013recall":[183],"analysis":[184],"performed":[186],"in-built":[188],"tools":[190],"conjunction":[192],"our":[194,203],"own":[195],"testing":[196],"parameters,":[197],"it":[199],"found":[201],"system":[204],"achieves":[205],"precision":[207],"0.78,":[209],"recall":[210],"0.79":[212],"F1-score":[214],"0.79,":[216],"are":[218],"better":[219],"than":[220],"current":[222],"state":[223],"art.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}