{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152972932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","title":"The space of models in machine learning: using Markov chains to model transitions","display_name":"The space of models in machine learning: using Markov chains to model transitions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152972932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","mag":"3152972932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076985479","display_name":"Vicen\u00e7 Torra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-8037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157286207","display_name":"National University of Ireland, Maynooth","ror":"https://ror.org/048nfjm95","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","display_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","ror":"https://ror.org/051mrsz47","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["IE","SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vicen\u00e7 Torra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden","Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland","School of Informatics, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Computing Science, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038071580","display_name":"Mariam Taha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-3519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Computing Science, Ume\u00e5\u00a0 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Computing Science, Ume\u00e5\u00a0 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028745432","display_name":"Guillermo Navarro\u2010Arribas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-942X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Navarro-Arribas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Information and Communications Engineering \u2013 CYBERCAT, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Information and Communications Engineering \u2013 CYBERCAT, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076985479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157286207","https://openalex.org/I205158640","https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2780},"fwci":0.4197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68058226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"321","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7839680910110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.7066727876663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6947447061538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5620027780532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.533714771270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5177706480026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric-space","display_name":"Metric space","score":0.5142480731010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.45972296595573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4460486173629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4430433511734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4306979477405548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4221956729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41339367628097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3918288052082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3130100965499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3021734654903412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22283124923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14581120014190674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7839680910110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.7066727876663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6947447061538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5620027780532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.533714771270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5177706480026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198043062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180953","display_name":"Metric space","level":2,"score":0.5142480731010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.45972296595573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4460486173629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4430433511734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4306979477405548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4221956729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41339367628097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3918288052082062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3130100965499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3021734654903412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22283124923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14581120014190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:his-19666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401029","display_name":"University Library of Sk\u00f6vde (University of Sk\u00f6vde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205158640","host_organization_name":"University of Sk\u00f6vde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205158640"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:umu-183009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-183009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400361","display_name":"DiVA at Ume\u00e5 University (Ume\u00e5 University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","host_organization_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ddd.uab.cat:280650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ddd.uab.cat/record/280650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400380","display_name":"Dip\u00f2sit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","host_organization_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13748-021-00242-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480581173","display_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2192-6352","issn":["2192-6352","2192-6360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3904194473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-03346, 2017-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G398378591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4815192803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR 2016-03346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5805926672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-87211-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322327","display_name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","ror":"https://ror.org/004hzzk67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3152972932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3152972932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W377680676","https://openalex.org/W1485625483","https://openalex.org/W1993265270","https://openalex.org/W1995379501","https://openalex.org/W1997159987","https://openalex.org/W2088439120","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2476007957","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2616462372","https://openalex.org/W2799137445","https://openalex.org/W2891167041","https://openalex.org/W2898659432","https://openalex.org/W2974116050","https://openalex.org/W4244035502","https://openalex.org/W4299417699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W4297851895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Machine":[1],"and":[2,44,60,96,129,147,167,183,218,227,243],"statistical":[3,148],"learning":[4],"is":[5,12,38,143,177,238,248],"about":[6],"constructing":[7],"models":[8,76,201],"from":[9,77],"data.":[10,210],"Data":[11],"usually":[13],"understood":[14],"as":[15,35,134,136],"a":[16,20,39,45,111,121,195,204],"set":[17],"of":[18,41,85,94,99,106,116,124,127,132,200,209,225,230,234,253,258],"records,":[19],"database.":[21],"Nevertheless,":[22],"databases":[23,43,65,237],"are":[24,89],"not":[25],"static":[26],"but":[27],"change":[28],"over":[29],"time.":[30],"We":[31,118,170,255],"can":[32,80,156],"understand":[33,181],"this":[34,51,69,173,186],"follows:":[36],"there":[37,88],"space":[40,84,93,98,105,115,126,131,199,208,224,229],"possible":[42],"database":[46,62],"during":[47],"its":[48],"lifetime":[49],"transits":[50],"space.":[52,63],"Therefore,":[53],"we":[54,74,79,188,193,213],"may":[55,108],"consider":[56,82,171,194,214],"transitions":[57],"between":[58,91,139,152,175],"databases,":[59,78],"the":[61,83,92,97,104,114,125,130,137,198,207,223,228,251],"NoSQL":[64],"also":[66,81,178],"fit":[67],"with":[68],"representation.":[70],"In":[71,185],"addition,":[72],"when":[73],"learn":[75],"models.":[86,100,117,231],"Naturally,":[87],"relationships":[90,138],"data":[95,107,128,168,226],"Any":[101],"transition":[102,112,244],"in":[103,113,159,164,236,250],"correspond":[109],"to":[110,180],"argue":[119],"that":[120,172],"better":[122],"understanding":[123],"models,":[133],"well":[135],"these":[140,153,190],"two":[141,154],"spaces":[142,155,176,221],"basic":[144],"for":[145],"machine":[146],"learning.":[149],"The":[150],"relationship":[151,174],"be":[157],"exploited":[158],"several":[160],"contexts":[161],"as,":[162],"e.g.,":[163],"model":[165],"selection":[166],"privacy.":[169],"fundamental":[179],"generalization":[182],"overfitting.":[184],"paper,":[187],"develop":[189],"ideas.":[191],"Then,":[192],"distance":[196,205,215],"on":[197,203,206,222,240],"based":[202,239],"More":[211],"particularly,":[212],"distribution":[216],"functions":[217],"probabilistic":[219],"metric":[220],"Our":[232],"modelization":[233,247],"changes":[235],"Markov":[241],"chains":[242],"matrices.":[245],"This":[246],"used":[249],"definition":[252],"distances.":[254],"provide":[256],"examples":[257],"our":[259],"definitions.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}