{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401388601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","title":"Regularizers to the rescue: fighting overfitting in deep learning-based side-channel analysis","display_name":"Regularizers to the rescue: fighting overfitting in deep learning-based side-channel analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401388601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029261301","display_name":"Azade Rezaeezade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-8472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azade Rezaeezade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Research Group, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Research Group, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051408740","display_name":"Lejla Batina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-3573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lejla Batina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Security Group, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Security Group, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029261301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":4.7694,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95534562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"609","last_page":"629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10683","display_name":"Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8026608228683472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6636608839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.630114734172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6233367919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5606003403663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5233463644981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4047277867794037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8026608228683472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6636608839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.630114734172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6233367919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5606003403663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5233463644981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4047277867794037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/312020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/312020","pdf_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/312020/312020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-024-00361-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188059367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NWA.1215.18.014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6009445997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G669276890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CS.019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321013","display_name":"Radboud Universiteit","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401388601.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503638523","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1607006990","https://openalex.org/W1724890242","https://openalex.org/W1862426464","https://openalex.org/W1936750108","https://openalex.org/W1993482360","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2734509410","https://openalex.org/W2746796098","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2962734576","https://openalex.org/W3002842489","https://openalex.org/W3003493139","https://openalex.org/W3126247501","https://openalex.org/W3185518807","https://openalex.org/W3203012334","https://openalex.org/W3210816702","https://openalex.org/W4226266650","https://openalex.org/W4239750483","https://openalex.org/W4245524709","https://openalex.org/W4312267461","https://openalex.org/W4312706017","https://openalex.org/W4360596698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W2989932438","https://openalex.org/W4387297750","https://openalex.org/W2186333919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Despite":[1],"considerable":[2],"achievements":[3],"of":[4,57,96],"deep":[5,101],"learning-based":[6],"side-channel":[7,27,52],"analysis,":[8],"overfitting":[9,35],"represents":[10],"a":[11,81],"significant":[12],"obstacle":[13],"in":[14,41,50,141],"finding":[15],"optimized":[16],"neural":[17],"network":[18],"models.":[19],"This":[20],"issue":[21],"is":[22,61,172],"not":[23],"unique":[24],"to":[25,34,75,93],"the":[26,45,48,51,77,162,173],"domain.":[28],"Regularization":[29],"techniques":[30,92,106,137],"are":[31,107,161],"popular":[32],"solutions":[33],"and":[36,89,100,127,152],"have":[37],"long":[38],"been":[39],"used":[40],"various":[42],"domains.":[43],"At":[44],"same":[46],"time,":[47],"works":[49],"domain":[53],"show":[54,132],"sporadic":[55],"utilization":[56],"regularization":[58,78,91],"techniques.":[59],"What":[60],"more,":[62],"no":[63],"systematic":[64],"study":[65],"investigates":[66],"these":[67,136],"techniques\u2019":[68],"effectiveness.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"aim":[74],"investigate":[76],"effectiveness":[79],"on":[80],"randomly":[82],"selected":[83],"model,":[84],"by":[85],"applying":[86],"4":[87],"powerful":[88],"easy-to-use":[90],"8":[94],"combinations":[95],"datasets,":[97],"leakage":[98],"models,":[99],"learning":[102],"topologies.":[103],"The":[104],"investigated":[105],"$$L_1$$":[108,144],"<mml:math":[109,118,145,154],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[110,119,146,155],"<mml:msub>":[111,120,147,156],"<mml:mi>L</mml:mi>":[112,121,148,157],"<mml:mn>1</mml:mn>":[113,149],"</mml:msub>":[114,123,150,159],"</mml:math>":[115,124,151,160],",":[116,125],"$$L_2$$":[117,153],"<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>":[122,158],"dropout,":[126],"early":[128,170],"stopping.":[129],"Our":[130],"results":[131],"that":[133],"while":[134],"all":[135],"can":[138],"improve":[139],"performance":[140],"many":[142],"cases,":[143],"most":[163],"effective.":[164],"Finally,":[165],"if":[166],"training":[167],"time":[168],"matters,":[169],"stopping":[171],"best":[174],"technique.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
