{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139508944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","title":"Exploring Parallelism to Improve the Performance of FrodoKEM in Hardware","display_name":"Exploring Parallelism to Improve the Performance of FrodoKEM in Hardware","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139508944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","mag":"3139508944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089584032","display_name":"James Howe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-3099"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Howe","raw_affiliation_strings":["PQShield Ltd., Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-3099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PQShield Ltd., Oxford, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058013122","display_name":"Marco Martinoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-9444"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Martinoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Proton Technologies AG, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Proton Technologies AG, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040494476","display_name":"Elisabeth Oswald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Oswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049456178","display_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["CH","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Regazzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Learning and Research Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Learning and Research Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089584032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.9799,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80111869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"317","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7722270488739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6375117897987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.5960772633552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5164525508880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4772231876850128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47149035334587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32303234934806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3223989009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.266787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1531650424003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0878039002418518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7722270488739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6375117897987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.5960772633552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5164525508880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4772231876850128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47149035334587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32303234934806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3223989009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.266787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1531650424003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0878039002418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire/f381e232-e24b-4e7b-afec-53b5630ca3e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/exploring-parallelism-to-improve-the-performance-of-frodokem-in-hardware(f381e232-e24b-4e7b-afec-53b5630ca3e5).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Howe, J, Martinoli, M, Oswald, E & Regazzoni, F 2021, 'Exploring Parallelism to Improve the Performance of FrodoKEM in Hardware', Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 317\u2013327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/eb29d67d-fc9e-4e28-bebf-0b095d146d10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/eb29d67d-fc9e-4e28-bebf-0b095d146d10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Howe , J , Martinoli , M , Oswald , E & Regazzoni , F 2021 , ' Exploring Parallelism to Improve the Performance of FrodoKEM in Hardware ' , Journal of Cryptographic Engineering , vol. 11 , no. 4 , pp. 317-327 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/f381e232-e24b-4e7b-afec-53b5630ca3e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/exploring-parallelism-to-improve-the-performance-of-frodokem-in-hardware(f381e232-e24b-4e7b-afec-53b5630ca3e5).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 11(4). Springer Science + Business Media","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13389-021-00258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764800400","display_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","issn_l":"2190-8508","issn":["2190-8508","2190-8516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1814108365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N011635/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7940048545","display_name":"Leakage Aware Design Automation (LADA): Tools &amp; Techniques for Software Crypto Implementations","funder_award_id":"EP/N011635/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139508944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139508944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511216606","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2165376228","https://openalex.org/W2514893051","https://openalex.org/W2563052397","https://openalex.org/W2574539584","https://openalex.org/W2779172811","https://openalex.org/W2790708652","https://openalex.org/W2790801128","https://openalex.org/W2795080420","https://openalex.org/W2808296455","https://openalex.org/W2889132688","https://openalex.org/W2889207572","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W2949898873","https://openalex.org/W2955449216","https://openalex.org/W2962697447","https://openalex.org/W2969210993","https://openalex.org/W2987483625","https://openalex.org/W2995935153","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3028987799","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W4231286867","https://openalex.org/W4234875403","https://openalex.org/W4251710990","https://openalex.org/W4253231658","https://openalex.org/W4254366963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106922437","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2135248929","https://openalex.org/W2092690310","https://openalex.org/W330130819","https://openalex.org/W2794767707","https://openalex.org/W2798440551","https://openalex.org/W2888459714","https://openalex.org/W3190662310","https://openalex.org/W4318899699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"FrodoKEM":[1],"is":[2,21,54,60,106],"a":[3,9,55,61,148,164,186],"lattice-based":[4,81],"key":[5],"encapsulation":[6,145],"mechanism,":[7],"currently":[8],"semi-finalist":[10],"in":[11,42,70,76],"NIST\u2019s":[12],"post-quantum":[13],"standardisation":[14],"effort.":[15],"A":[16],"condition":[17],"for":[18,26,47,80,88,144,160],"these":[19],"candidates":[20,36],"to":[22,114,132,176],"use":[23,110],"NIST":[24],"standards":[25],"sources":[27],"of":[28,49,111,129,142,180,191],"randomness":[29],"(i.e.":[30],"seed-expanding),":[31],"and":[32,72,118,159],"as":[33],"such":[34],"most":[35],"utilise":[37],"SHAKE,":[38],"an":[39],"XOF":[40],"defined":[41],"the":[43,50,96,101,109,127,133,140,177,181],"SHA-3":[44],"standard.":[45],"However,":[46],"many":[48],"candidates,":[51],"this":[52],"module":[53],"significant":[56],"implementation":[57],"bottleneck.":[58],"Trivium":[59,112],"lightweight,":[62],"ISO":[63],"standard":[64],"stream":[65],"cipher":[66],"which":[67],"performs":[68],"well":[69],"hardware":[71,78],"has":[73],"been":[74],"used":[75],"previous":[77,178],"designs":[79,87],"cryptography.":[82],"This":[83,104],"research":[84],"proposes":[85],"optimised":[86],"FrodoKEM,":[89],"concentrating":[90],"on":[91],"high":[92],"throughput":[93,117,141],"by":[94,108],"parallelising":[95],"matrix":[97],"multiplication":[98],"operations":[99,156,172],"within":[100],"cryptographic":[102],"scheme.":[103],"process":[105],"eased":[107],"due":[113],"its":[115],"higher":[116],"lower":[119],"area":[120,189],"consumption.":[121],"The":[122],"parallelisations":[123],"proposed":[124],"also":[125,184],"complement":[126],"addition":[128],"first-order":[130],"masking":[131],"decapsulation":[134,161],"module.":[135],"Overall,":[136],"we":[137,146,162],"significantly":[138],"increase":[139],"FrodoKEM;":[143],"see":[147,163],"$$16\\times":[149],"$$":[150,166],"<mml:math":[151,167],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>16</mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[152],"speed-up,":[153,169],"achieving":[154,170],"825":[155],"per":[157,173],"second,":[158,174],"$$14\\times":[165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>14</mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[168],"763":[171],"compared":[175],"state":[179],"art,":[182],"whilst":[183],"maintaining":[185],"similar":[187],"FPGA":[188],"footprint":[190],"less":[192],"than":[193],"2000":[194],"slices.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
