{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416131000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","title":"Homophily-induced emergence of biased structures in LLM-based multi-agent AI systems","display_name":"Homophily-induced emergence of biased structures in LLM-based multi-agent AI systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416131000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016570881","display_name":"Aliakbar Mehdizadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aliakbar Mehdizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050101991","display_name":"Martin Hilbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-6361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Hilbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050101991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":12.0517,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98069551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.07739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.07739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.07530000060796738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.050999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-attachment","display_name":"Preferential attachment","score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-formation","display_name":"Network formation","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology-and-political-orientation","display_name":"Biology and political orientation","score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-structure","display_name":"Network structure","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828","display_name":"Preferential attachment","level":3,"score":0.4426000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68416499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001033","display_name":"Network formation","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193521449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915057","display_name":"Biology and political orientation","level":3,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988224531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20830730","display_name":"Network structure","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178895491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211606","display_name":"Social structure","level":3,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142189719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1276633","display_name":"Interpersonal ties","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179133015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639378","display_name":"Social system","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-025-01535-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416131000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416131000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686065478","https://openalex.org/W1969581793","https://openalex.org/W1984782424","https://openalex.org/W1997052091","https://openalex.org/W1998000151","https://openalex.org/W2001235058","https://openalex.org/W2002161543","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2020090131","https://openalex.org/W2022510732","https://openalex.org/W2025539815","https://openalex.org/W2032265497","https://openalex.org/W2049607688","https://openalex.org/W2080450835","https://openalex.org/W2091786736","https://openalex.org/W2094471435","https://openalex.org/W2096178388","https://openalex.org/W2099255184","https://openalex.org/W2099556653","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2111474995","https://openalex.org/W2122538209","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2127604608","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2134046719","https://openalex.org/W2135869163","https://openalex.org/W2139865418","https://openalex.org/W2148606196","https://openalex.org/W2156343908","https://openalex.org/W2156897926","https://openalex.org/W2157085604","https://openalex.org/W2163074603","https://openalex.org/W2163179583","https://openalex.org/W2165995484","https://openalex.org/W2324467578","https://openalex.org/W2543216940","https://openalex.org/W2769358515","https://openalex.org/W2891422829","https://openalex.org/W2950063590","https://openalex.org/W2956132847","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2971307358","https://openalex.org/W3121286888","https://openalex.org/W3159435787","https://openalex.org/W3165504276","https://openalex.org/W3176477796","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3184144760","https://openalex.org/W4205579001","https://openalex.org/W4206593497","https://openalex.org/W4211017739","https://openalex.org/W4212876428","https://openalex.org/W4213236912","https://openalex.org/W4225138439","https://openalex.org/W4230526081","https://openalex.org/W4236627622","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4244459546","https://openalex.org/W4254065653","https://openalex.org/W4285210452","https://openalex.org/W4298404569","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4312820073","https://openalex.org/W4316495514","https://openalex.org/W4321455981","https://openalex.org/W4385564993","https://openalex.org/W4386302153","https://openalex.org/W4386992407","https://openalex.org/W4387378202","https://openalex.org/W4388073390","https://openalex.org/W4389519898","https://openalex.org/W4389520749","https://openalex.org/W4390229867","https://openalex.org/W4391655051","https://openalex.org/W4399528455","https://openalex.org/W4402671660","https://openalex.org/W4402713326","https://openalex.org/W4403300449","https://openalex.org/W4403637443","https://openalex.org/W4404142425","https://openalex.org/W4404783530","https://openalex.org/W4406034570","https://openalex.org/W4406096381","https://openalex.org/W4406159163","https://openalex.org/W4407632050"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,102],"study":[2],"examines":[3],"how":[4,173,190],"interactions":[5],"among":[6],"artificially":[7],"intelligent":[8],"(AI)":[9],"agents,":[10],"guided":[11],"by":[12,32],"large":[13],"language":[14],"models":[15],"(LLMs),":[16],"drive":[17],"the":[18,88,96,105,127,164],"evolution":[19],"of":[20,98,155,166,176],"collective":[21],"network":[22,31,106,183],"structures.":[23],"We":[24,57],"ask":[25],"LLM-driven":[26],"agents":[27,43,161],"to":[28,52,95,172],"grow":[29],"a":[30,46,62,114],"informing":[33],"them":[34],"about":[35],"current":[36],"link":[37],"constellations.":[38],"Our":[39],"observations":[40],"confirm":[41],"that":[42],"consistently":[44],"apply":[45],"preferential":[47,116],"attachment":[48,117],"mechanism,":[49],"favoring":[50],"connections":[51],"nodes":[53],"with":[54],"higher":[55],"degrees.":[56],"systematically":[58],"solicited":[59],"more":[60,137],"than":[61],"million":[63],"decisions":[64],"from":[65,108],"four":[66],"different":[67],"LLMs,":[68],"including":[69],"Gemini,":[70],"ChatGPT,":[71],"Llama,":[72],"and":[73,83,121,134,194],"Claude.":[74],"When":[75],"social":[76],"attributes":[77,123],"such":[78],"as":[79],"age,":[80],"gender,":[81],"religion,":[82],"political":[84],"orientation":[85],"are":[86],"incorporated,":[87],"resulting":[89],"networks":[90],"exhibit":[91],"heightened":[92],"assortativity,":[93],"leading":[94],"formation":[97],"distinct":[99],"homophilic":[100],"communities.":[101],"significantly":[103,125],"alters":[104],"topology":[107],"what":[109],"would":[110],"be":[111],"expected":[112],"under":[113],"pure":[115],"model":[118],"alone.":[119],"Political":[120],"religious":[122],"most":[124],"fragment":[126],"collective,":[128],"fostering":[129],"polarized":[130],"subgroups,":[131],"while":[132],"age":[133],"gender":[135],"yield":[136],"gradual":[138],"structural":[139],"shifts.":[140],"Strikingly,":[141],"LLMs":[142],"also":[143],"reveal":[144],"asymmetric":[145],"patterns":[146],"in":[147],"heterophilous":[148],"ties,":[149],"suggesting":[150],"embedded":[151],"directional":[152],"biases":[153],"reflective":[154],"societal":[156],"norms.":[157],"As":[158],"autonomous":[159],"AI":[160,178],"increasingly":[162],"shape":[163],"architecture":[165],"online":[167],"systems,":[168],"these":[169],"findings":[170],"contribute":[171],"algorithmic":[174],"choices":[175],"generative":[177],"collectives":[179],"not":[180],"only":[181],"reshape":[182],"topology,":[184],"but":[185],"offer":[186],"critical":[187],"insights":[188],"into":[189],"AI-driven":[191],"systems":[192],"co-evolve":[193],"self-organize.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}