{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220686914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","title":"DeeProBot: a hybrid deep neural network model for social bot detection based on user profile data","display_name":"DeeProBot: a hybrid deep neural network model for social bot detection based on user profile data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220686914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35309873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035177276","display_name":"Kadhim Hayawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-4590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kadhim Hayawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036608101","display_name":"Sujith Samuel Mathew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-7458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujith Mathew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044736388","display_name":"Neethu Venugopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-9165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neethu Venugopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029798067","display_name":"Mohammad Mehedy Masud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-5982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad M. Masud","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089628133","display_name":"Pin\u2013Han Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0717-1481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pin-Han Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035177276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":24.1852,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99576895,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6256190538406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5812081694602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5068045258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.4360872507095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37820854783058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33345168828964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.28795766830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1856755018234253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6256190538406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5812081694602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5068045258522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.4360872507095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37820854783058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33345168828964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.28795766830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1856755018234253}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35309873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35309873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social network analysis and mining","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8917378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8917378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Soc Netw Anal Min","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13278-022-00869-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764891196","display_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","issn_l":"1869-5450","issn":["1869-5450","1869-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Network Analysis and Mining","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4054503020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R20132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","funder_display_name":"Zayed University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220686914.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220686914.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W2017337590","https://openalex.org/W2034978228","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2082137964","https://openalex.org/W2087016914","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2169038408","https://openalex.org/W2180466864","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2595521492","https://openalex.org/W2769471736","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2887034067","https://openalex.org/W2894196255","https://openalex.org/W2898690144","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2910369730","https://openalex.org/W2913516633","https://openalex.org/W2963806301","https://openalex.org/W2964264878","https://openalex.org/W2997788455","https://openalex.org/W3002312850","https://openalex.org/W3014935876","https://openalex.org/W3035082952","https://openalex.org/W3041367927","https://openalex.org/W3046420351","https://openalex.org/W3092091320","https://openalex.org/W3093744263","https://openalex.org/W3093798014","https://openalex.org/W3102083609","https://openalex.org/W3106311261","https://openalex.org/W3106914636","https://openalex.org/W3113430733","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W3125928061","https://openalex.org/W3131095897","https://openalex.org/W3134215938","https://openalex.org/W3196825802","https://openalex.org/W4234698323","https://openalex.org/W4254328377","https://openalex.org/W4254751698","https://openalex.org/W4289253852","https://openalex.org/W4404415530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Use":[0],"of":[1,33,86,117,158,171,212,241,272],"online":[2],"social":[3],"networks":[4],"(OSNs)":[5],"undoubtedly":[6],"brings":[7],"the":[8,31,80,87,99,114,118,128,132,145,151,180,200,220,242,259],"world":[9],"closer.":[10],"OSNs":[11],"like":[12,90,162],"Twitter":[13,71,88,119],"provide":[14],"a":[15,22,53,63,124,210,238,253,269],"space":[16],"for":[17,56,104,126,140],"expressing":[18],"one's":[19],"opinions":[20],"in":[21],"public":[23],"platform.":[24],"This":[25],"great":[26],"potential":[27],"is":[28,121,185,207,231],"misused":[29],"by":[30,130],"creation":[32],"bot":[34,49],"accounts,":[35],"which":[36,102],"spread":[37],"fake":[38],"news":[39],"and":[40,94,165,176,193,198,245,250],"manipulate":[41],"opinions.":[42],"Hence,":[43],"distinguishing":[44],"genuine":[45],"human":[46],"accounts":[47,50,72],"from":[48,82,113],"has":[51],"become":[52],"pressing":[54],"issue":[55],"researchers.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"framework":[64,100],"based":[65],"on":[66,209,237],"deep":[67],"learning":[68],"to":[69,196,222],"classify":[70],"as":[73,264,266],"either":[74],"'human'":[75],"or":[76],"'bot.'":[77],"We":[78,97,217],"use":[79],"information":[81],"user":[83,146,159,163],"profile":[84],"metadata":[85],"account":[89,120],"description,":[91],"follower":[92],"count":[93],"tweet":[95],"count.":[96],"name":[98],"'DeeProBot,'":[101],"stands":[103],"Deep":[105],"Profile-based":[106],"Bot":[107],"detection":[108],"framework.":[109],"The":[110,183,204,229],"raw":[111,133],"text":[112,134,177],"description":[115],"field":[116],"also":[122],"considered":[123],"feature":[125,152],"training":[127,246],"model":[129,181,206,221,230,261],"embedding":[131],"using":[135,233],"pre-trained":[136],"Global":[137],"Vectors":[138],"(GLoVe)":[139],"word":[141],"representation.":[142],"Using":[143],"only":[144],"profile-based":[147],"features":[148,161,172],"considerably":[149],"reduces":[150],"engineering":[153],"overhead":[154],"compared":[155],"with":[156,187,247,252,268],"that":[157],"timeline-based":[160],"tweets":[164],"retweets.":[166],"DeeProBot":[167],"handles":[168],"mixed":[169,201],"types":[170],"including":[173],"numerical,":[174],"binary,":[175],"data,":[178],"making":[179],"hybrid.":[182],"network":[184],"designed":[186,219],"long":[188],"short-term":[189],"memory":[190],"(LSTM)":[191],"units":[192],"dense":[194],"layers":[195],"accept":[197],"process":[199],"input":[202],"types.":[203],"proposed":[205,260],"evaluated":[208,232],"collection":[211],"publicly":[213],"available":[214],"labeled":[215],"datasets.":[216,228],"have":[218],"make":[223],"it":[224],"generalizable":[225],"across":[226],"different":[227,254],"two":[234],"ways:":[235],"testing":[236,251],"hold-out":[239],"set":[240,271],"same":[243],"dataset;":[244],"one":[248],"dataset":[249],"dataset.":[255],"With":[256],"these":[257],"experiments,":[258],"achieved":[262],"AUC":[263],"high":[265],"0.97":[267],"selected":[270],"features.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}