{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198739372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","title":"The AI Methods, Capabilities and Criticality Grid","display_name":"The AI Methods, Capabilities and Criticality Grid","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198739372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","mag":"3198739372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306517913","display_name":"K&uuml;nstliche Intell.","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033728229","display_name":"Thomas Schmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2849-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926574661","display_name":"Leipzig University","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lancaster University in Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany","Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University in Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045019185","display_name":"W. Hildesheim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Hildesheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Deutschland, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Deutschland, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019492854","display_name":"Taras Holoyad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333377046","display_name":"Bundesnetzagentur","ror":"https://ror.org/032v09t14","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333377046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taras Holoyad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bundesnetzagentur, Mainz, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bundesnetzagentur, Mainz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333377046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003950829","display_name":"Kinga Schumacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-5827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141995","display_name":"German Central Institute for Social Issues","ror":"https://ror.org/04msz5x82","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kinga Schumacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026","https://openalex.org/I4210141995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003950829","https://openalex.org/A5019492854","https://openalex.org/A5033728229","https://openalex.org/A5045019185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333377046","https://openalex.org/I33256026","https://openalex.org/I4210141995","https://openalex.org/I926574661"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8655,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92137254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3-4","first_page":"425","last_page":"440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6401377320289612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5989193916320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5445771813392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47906431555747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.4557196795940399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.44984033703804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10310983657836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09212309122085571}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6401377320289612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5989193916320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5445771813392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47906431555747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.4557196795940399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.44984033703804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10310983657836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09212309122085571}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306517913","display_name":"K&uuml;nstliche Intell.","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-021-00736-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306517913","display_name":"K&uuml;nstliche Intell.","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325298","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Leipzig","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198739372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198739372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038404","https://openalex.org/W38828942","https://openalex.org/W90133770","https://openalex.org/W94200858","https://openalex.org/W120754460","https://openalex.org/W198077368","https://openalex.org/W858029767","https://openalex.org/W1488207627","https://openalex.org/W1490670090","https://openalex.org/W1493816286","https://openalex.org/W1494890444","https://openalex.org/W1525594942","https://openalex.org/W1531084120","https://openalex.org/W1547571057","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1583833362","https://openalex.org/W1915216122","https://openalex.org/W1924689489","https://openalex.org/W1967361629","https://openalex.org/W1969360600","https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W1987902506","https://openalex.org/W1988415499","https://openalex.org/W1988552060","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2001859357","https://openalex.org/W2004147962","https://openalex.org/W2011413572","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2011636729","https://openalex.org/W2015787755","https://openalex.org/W2018116321","https://openalex.org/W2021313045","https://openalex.org/W2026604544","https://openalex.org/W2026883296","https://openalex.org/W2030043097","https://openalex.org/W2039903149","https://openalex.org/W2050540884","https://openalex.org/W2057035117","https://openalex.org/W2062848325","https://openalex.org/W2071085454","https://openalex.org/W2082418604","https://openalex.org/W2091747638","https://openalex.org/W2093852526","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2104427906","https://openalex.org/W2106304233","https://openalex.org/W2108604074","https://openalex.org/W2112366620","https://openalex.org/W2116817443","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2120521107","https://openalex.org/W2121970262","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2122457239","https://openalex.org/W2131912874","https://openalex.org/W2132613687","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2138342168","https://openalex.org/W2141607329","https://openalex.org/W2141807666","https://openalex.org/W2152161277","https://openalex.org/W2157837888","https://openalex.org/W2161349318","https://openalex.org/W2162821268","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2169064301","https://openalex.org/W2171144767","https://openalex.org/W2215804359","https://openalex.org/W2257755662","https://openalex.org/W2323790337","https://openalex.org/W2330569502","https://openalex.org/W2435703814","https://openalex.org/W2527036487","https://openalex.org/W2582220299","https://openalex.org/W2693575047","https://openalex.org/W2786141192","https://openalex.org/W2800520656","https://openalex.org/W2801249213","https://openalex.org/W2887489260","https://openalex.org/W2902461985","https://openalex.org/W2902768533","https://openalex.org/W2911283634","https://openalex.org/W2917192392","https://openalex.org/W2933247659","https://openalex.org/W2934302500","https://openalex.org/W2959373473","https://openalex.org/W2962879782","https://openalex.org/W2970288020","https://openalex.org/W2972406339","https://openalex.org/W2996730279","https://openalex.org/W3000392628","https://openalex.org/W3014675721","https://openalex.org/W3034344071","https://openalex.org/W3036192984","https://openalex.org/W3146115948","https://openalex.org/W3146803896","https://openalex.org/W4205172400","https://openalex.org/W4245176872","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299586551","https://openalex.org/W4301103302","https://openalex.org/W4384306321","https://openalex.org/W6756449659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(AI)":[4],"technologies":[5],"developed":[6,35],"over":[7],"the":[8,60,64,70,80,97,106,111,124,139],"past":[9],"decades":[10],"have":[11],"reached":[12],"market":[13,158],"maturity":[14],"and":[15,24,28,46,69,84,174,178],"are":[16,32],"now":[17],"being":[18,34],"commercially":[19],"distributed":[20],"in":[21,36,57,189],"digital":[22],"products":[23],"services.":[25],"Therefore,":[26],"national":[27],"international":[29],"AI":[30,55,81,144,153,163,181,187],"standards":[31,177],"currently":[33],"order":[37],"to":[38,53,66,134,149,172,185],"achieve":[39],"technical":[40],"interoperability":[41],"as":[42,44,146,148,168,191],"well":[43,147],"reliability":[45],"transparency.":[47],"To":[48],"this":[49],"end,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"classify":[54],"applications":[56,154],"terms":[58],"of":[59,72,96,110,138,141,180],"algorithmic":[61],"methods":[62],"used,":[63],"capabilities":[65],"be":[67],"achieved":[68],"level":[71],"criticality.":[73],"The":[74],"resulting":[75],"three-dimensional":[76],"classification":[77],"scheme,":[78],"termed":[79],"Methods,":[82],"Capabilities":[83],"Criticality":[85],"(AI-":[86],"$$\\hbox":[87,126],"{MC}^2$$":[88,127],"<mml:math":[89,128],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>MC</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>":[90,129],")":[91],"Grid,":[92],"combines":[93],"current":[94],"recommendations":[95],"EU":[98],"Commission":[99,109],"with":[100],"an":[101,136],"ethical":[102],"dimension":[103],"proposed":[104],"by":[105,161],"Data":[107],"Ethics":[108],"German":[112],"Federal":[113],"Government":[114],"(Datenethikkommission":[115],"der":[116],"Bundesregierung:":[117],"Gutachten.":[118],"Berlin,":[119],"2019).":[120],"As":[121],"a":[122,142,156,169],"whole,":[123],"AI-":[125],"Grid":[130],"allows":[131],"not":[132],"only":[133],"gain":[135],"overview":[137],"implications":[140],"given":[143,157],"application":[145],"compare":[150],"efficiently":[151],"different":[152,162],"within":[155],"or":[159],"implemented":[160],"technologies.":[164],"It":[165],"is":[166],"designed":[167],"core":[170],"tool":[171],"define":[173],"manage":[175,186],"norms,":[176],"compliance":[179],"applications,":[182],"but":[183],"helps":[184],"solutions":[188],"general":[190],"well.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}