{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000965188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","title":"Measuring the Quality of Explanations: The System Causability Scale (SCS)","display_name":"Measuring the Quality of Explanations: The System Causability Scale (SCS)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000965188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","mag":"3000965188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234608","display_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034657358","display_name":"Andreas Holzinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Holzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria","xAI-Lab, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-5194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"xAI-Lab, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068182641","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Carrington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-5567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800722420","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03c62dg59","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482656","display_name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05jtef216","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I2800722420","https://openalex.org/I4388482656"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Carrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800722420","https://openalex.org/I4388482656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087013593","display_name":"Heimo M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9691-4872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202276237","display_name":"Medical University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heimo M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034657358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202276237"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":31.7739,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":397,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99761399,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"193","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7556091547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6346587538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6007653474807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5817010998725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5779478549957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5687117576599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5560118556022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5397518277168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4551451504230499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.4116191565990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.402206152677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35274267196655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2826192378997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1669359803199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0840044915676117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7556091547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6346587538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6007653474807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5817010998725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5779478549957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5687117576599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5560118556022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5397518277168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4551451504230499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.4116191565990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.402206152677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35274267196655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2826192378997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1669359803199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0840044915676117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234608","display_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13218-020-00636-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234608","display_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","issn_l":"0933-1875","issn":["0933-1875","1610-1987"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KI - K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G575360465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P-32554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325582","display_name":"Karl-Franzens-Universit\u00e4t Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326239","display_name":"Medizinische Universit\u00e4t Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0bts35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000965188.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000965188.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19399978","https://openalex.org/W591743112","https://openalex.org/W1560729591","https://openalex.org/W1581825006","https://openalex.org/W1859755998","https://openalex.org/W1945788957","https://openalex.org/W1957219571","https://openalex.org/W2000911789","https://openalex.org/W2032191478","https://openalex.org/W2108634795","https://openalex.org/W2119555207","https://openalex.org/W2138317061","https://openalex.org/W2149033360","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2300445845","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2532750509","https://openalex.org/W2560821865","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2584017349","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2611557737","https://openalex.org/W2727448752","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2888053952","https://openalex.org/W2888056875","https://openalex.org/W2898499611","https://openalex.org/W2904105652","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919200815","https://openalex.org/W2927351257","https://openalex.org/W2958514452","https://openalex.org/W2969646415","https://openalex.org/W2969881216","https://openalex.org/W3139427245","https://openalex.org/W4297687090","https://openalex.org/W6857367562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378709054","https://openalex.org/W4380301954","https://openalex.org/W2803090313","https://openalex.org/W1482465488","https://openalex.org/W2052375654","https://openalex.org/W2376767034","https://openalex.org/W2350918606","https://openalex.org/W2379549210","https://openalex.org/W4285661598","https://openalex.org/W4313352246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"success":[2],"in":[3,26,30,64,68,232],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"and":[7,74,79,99,133,138,156,180],"Machine":[8],"Learning":[9],"(ML)":[10],"allow":[11],"problem":[12],"solving":[13],"automatically":[14],"without":[15],"any":[16],"human":[17,146],"intervention.":[18],"Autonomous":[19],"approaches":[20],"can":[21,109],"be":[22,110],"very":[23],"convenient.":[24],"However,":[25],"certain":[27,51],"domains,":[28,66],"e.g.,":[29,123],"the":[31,54,143,190,196,217],"medical":[32,124],"domain,":[33],"it":[34,164],"is":[35,113,222],"necessary":[36],"to":[37,42,118,136,148,154,177,187,194,215],"enable":[38],"a":[39,50,83,102,107,114,247],"domain":[40],"expert":[41],"understand,":[43],"why":[44],"an":[45,202],"algorithm":[46],"came":[47],"up":[48],"with":[49,90,131,189,243],"result.":[52],"Consequently,":[53],"field":[55],"of":[56,76,86,96,134,145,192,198,219,227],"Explainable":[57,70],"AI":[58,71,204],"(xAI)":[59],"rapidly":[60],"gained":[61],"interest":[62,135],"worldwide":[63],"various":[65],"particularly":[67],"medicine.":[69],"studies":[72],"transparency":[73],"traceability":[75],"opaque":[77],"AI/ML":[78,132,149,158],"there":[80],"are":[81],"already":[82],"huge":[84],"variety":[85],"methods.":[87],"For":[88],"example":[89],"layer-wise":[91],"relevance":[92],"propagation":[93],"relevant":[94],"parts":[95],"inputs":[97],"to,":[98],"representations":[100],"in,":[101],"neural":[103],"network":[104],"which":[105],"caused":[106],"result,":[108],"highlighted.":[111],"This":[112,167],"first":[115],"important":[116],"step":[117],"ensure":[119],"that":[120],"end":[121],"users,":[122],"professionals,":[125],"assume":[126],"responsibility":[127],"for":[128,165,172],"decision":[129],"making":[130],"professionals":[137],"regulators.":[139],"Interactive":[140],"ML":[141],"adds":[142],"component":[144],"expertise":[147],"processes":[150],"by":[151,201],"enabling":[152],"them":[153,162],"re-enact":[155],"retrace":[157],"results,":[159],"e.g.":[160],"let":[161],"check":[163],"plausibility.":[166],"requires":[168],"new":[169],"human\u2013AI":[170,183],"interfaces":[171,184],"explainable":[173,203],"AI.":[174],"In":[175,206],"order":[176],"build":[178],"effective":[179],"efficient":[181],"interactive":[182],"we":[185,209],"have":[186],"deal":[188],"question":[191],"how":[193],"evaluate":[195],"quality":[197,218],"explanations":[199],"given":[200],"system.":[205],"this":[207],"paper":[208],"introduce":[210],"our":[211,225],"System":[212],"Causability":[213,228],"Scale":[214],"measure":[216],"explanations.":[220],"It":[221],"based":[223],"on":[224],"notion":[226],"(Holzinger":[229],"et":[230],"al.":[231],"Wiley":[233],"Interdiscip":[234],"Rev":[235],"Data":[236],"Min":[237],"Knowl":[238],"Discov":[239],"9(4),":[240],"2019)":[241],"combined":[242],"concepts":[244],"adapted":[245],"from":[246],"widely-accepted":[248],"usability":[249],"scale.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":45}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00"}