{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127297362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5","title":"Advances in Driver Behavior Classification: Traditional Paradigms, Deep Learning, Generative AI, and Explainable Systems","display_name":"Advances in Driver Behavior Classification: Traditional Paradigms, Deep Learning, Generative AI, and Explainable Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127297362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118678737","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research","issn_l":"1348-8503","issn":["1348-8503","1868-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119558060","display_name":"Ahmad Al-Rababah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Al-Rababah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032359229","display_name":"Syed Masiur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-0519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Masiur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-0519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124954171","display_name":"MD Shafiullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MD Shafiullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032359229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2414,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9454901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"757","last_page":"795"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.47440001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.47440001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.044599998742341995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.04430000111460686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.375900000333786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.633400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13177-025-00622-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118678737","display_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research","issn_l":"1348-8503","issn":["1348-8503","1868-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6602763533592224,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":208,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518087699","https://openalex.org/W1591179884","https://openalex.org/W1724086789","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1965464424","https://openalex.org/W1974715861","https://openalex.org/W1977844015","https://openalex.org/W1981338841","https://openalex.org/W2020355555","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2080718748","https://openalex.org/W2099532127","https://openalex.org/W2119222887","https://openalex.org/W2139714873","https://openalex.org/W2169060624","https://openalex.org/W2331560884","https://openalex.org/W2332268273","https://openalex.org/W2347703542","https://openalex.org/W2547705281","https://openalex.org/W2556398113","https://openalex.org/W2564507783","https://openalex.org/W2567218354","https://openalex.org/W2580495915","https://openalex.org/W2604772469","https://openalex.org/W2613328025","https://openalex.org/W2734936567","https://openalex.org/W2761363208","https://openalex.org/W2765809489","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2783256039","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2791601279","https://openalex.org/W2804931716","https://openalex.org/W2839695880","https://openalex.org/W2888944348","https://openalex.org/W2896308858","https://openalex.org/W2900883569","https://openalex.org/W2904483378","https://openalex.org/W2905910440","https://openalex.org/W2913689410","https://openalex.org/W2921143934","https://openalex.org/W2921820383","https://openalex.org/W2946906913","https://openalex.org/W2948914987","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2969915204","https://openalex.org/W2972960783","https://openalex.org/W2974739964","https://openalex.org/W2981697131","https://openalex.org/W2984001816","https://openalex.org/W2990049453","https://openalex.org/W2996380905","https://openalex.org/W2997159099","https://openalex.org/W2997958396","https://openalex.org/W2998131357","https://openalex.org/W3001866431","https://openalex.org/W3010783597","https://openalex.org/W3011322905","https://openalex.org/W3011384521","https://openalex.org/W3015239370","https://openalex.org/W3017833007","https://openalex.org/W3018153381","https://openalex.org/W3034133373","https://openalex.org/W3034758534","https://openalex.org/W3036209432","https://openalex.org/W3036384134","https://openalex.org/W3083713718","https://openalex.org/W3090098830","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3115346036","https://openalex.org/W3118951565","https://openalex.org/W3119341266","https://openalex.org/W3120272319","https://openalex.org/W3126548041","https://openalex.org/W3128395826","https://openalex.org/W3145440342","https://openalex.org/W3147532979","https://openalex.org/W3154786901","https://openalex.org/W3157716083","https://openalex.org/W3162665729","https://openalex.org/W3181274447","https://openalex.org/W3184072028","https://openalex.org/W3199436027","https://openalex.org/W3206034350","https://openalex.org/W3208370335","https://openalex.org/W3208923760","https://openalex.org/W3211122718","https://openalex.org/W3214262270","https://openalex.org/W3214466607","https://openalex.org/W3214474602","https://openalex.org/W3216996634","https://openalex.org/W4200288905","https://openalex.org/W4200631182","https://openalex.org/W4213389718","https://openalex.org/W4224991288","https://openalex.org/W4281744741","https://openalex.org/W4285131049","https://openalex.org/W4285276818","https://openalex.org/W4289822292","https://openalex.org/W4291184140","https://openalex.org/W4291910375","https://openalex.org/W4292382514","https://openalex.org/W4295063476","https://openalex.org/W4295412828","https://openalex.org/W4303457312","https://openalex.org/W4306847871","https://openalex.org/W4308068459","https://openalex.org/W4308080624","https://openalex.org/W4309279520","https://openalex.org/W4311496230","https://openalex.org/W4312223050","https://openalex.org/W4312334155","https://openalex.org/W4312957757","https://openalex.org/W4313334502","https://openalex.org/W4313559838","https://openalex.org/W4319663621","https://openalex.org/W4322754167","https://openalex.org/W4323519249","https://openalex.org/W4327662047","https://openalex.org/W4360966493","https://openalex.org/W4378469404","https://openalex.org/W4379279959","https://openalex.org/W4383503698","https://openalex.org/W4386038419","https://openalex.org/W4386434910","https://openalex.org/W4386491365","https://openalex.org/W4387380190","https://openalex.org/W4387772681","https://openalex.org/W4387913085","https://openalex.org/W4387968198","https://openalex.org/W4388487005","https://openalex.org/W4388655144","https://openalex.org/W4388784298","https://openalex.org/W4388923662","https://openalex.org/W4389038564","https://openalex.org/W4390305643","https://openalex.org/W4390679413","https://openalex.org/W4390932579","https://openalex.org/W4391467416","https://openalex.org/W4391596770","https://openalex.org/W4391743524","https://openalex.org/W4391758078","https://openalex.org/W4391768648","https://openalex.org/W4391769959","https://openalex.org/W4391770054","https://openalex.org/W4392102248","https://openalex.org/W4392392060","https://openalex.org/W4392505286","https://openalex.org/W4392926812","https://openalex.org/W4393150224","https://openalex.org/W4394304809","https://openalex.org/W4394586582","https://openalex.org/W4394767210","https://openalex.org/W4394896370","https://openalex.org/W4394911279","https://openalex.org/W4395082288","https://openalex.org/W4396680579","https://openalex.org/W4398206670","https://openalex.org/W4399110578","https://openalex.org/W4399156784","https://openalex.org/W4399181715","https://openalex.org/W4399803440","https://openalex.org/W4400490046","https://openalex.org/W4400648183","https://openalex.org/W4400810536","https://openalex.org/W4401076218","https://openalex.org/W4401100595","https://openalex.org/W4401325122","https://openalex.org/W4401388750","https://openalex.org/W4401416241","https://openalex.org/W4401507367","https://openalex.org/W4401836687","https://openalex.org/W4402461190","https://openalex.org/W4402464099","https://openalex.org/W4402679660","https://openalex.org/W4403182608","https://openalex.org/W4403213841","https://openalex.org/W4403488660","https://openalex.org/W4403649623","https://openalex.org/W4403863419","https://openalex.org/W4404521567","https://openalex.org/W4404632779","https://openalex.org/W4405071270","https://openalex.org/W4405098632","https://openalex.org/W4405272562","https://openalex.org/W4405601798","https://openalex.org/W4405718719","https://openalex.org/W4405778644","https://openalex.org/W4406131009","https://openalex.org/W4406658299","https://openalex.org/W4406737145","https://openalex.org/W4407088123","https://openalex.org/W4408700656","https://openalex.org/W4408721335","https://openalex.org/W4409130655","https://openalex.org/W4409185449","https://openalex.org/W4409494177","https://openalex.org/W4410056576","https://openalex.org/W4410166109","https://openalex.org/W4410521096","https://openalex.org/W4413051727","https://openalex.org/W4413279916","https://openalex.org/W4414000657","https://openalex.org/W6888742471","https://openalex.org/W6941066551","https://openalex.org/W7124296040"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
