{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127050837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x","title":"Detecting AI-generated essays using fine-tuned XLNet-CNN hybrid techniques: a study of the academic integrity challenge","display_name":"Detecting AI-generated essays using fine-tuned XLNet-CNN hybrid techniques: a study of the academic integrity challenge","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127050837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764999920","display_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","issn_l":"1868-8071","issn":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124709563","display_name":"Manish Prajapati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67357951","display_name":"KIIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k8zt527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Prajapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124704120","display_name":"Santos Kumar Baliarsingh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67357951","display_name":"KIIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k8zt527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Santos Kumar Baliarsingh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035076881","display_name":"Prabhu Prasad Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-1300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67357951","display_name":"KIIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k8zt527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabhu Prasad Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124704120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09026138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.919700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.919700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.02930000051856041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.7317000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.3675000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8082000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.7317000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018790387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Hybrid learning","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780907237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986238","display_name":"Plagiarism detection","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776046745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5378564","display_name":"English for academic purposes","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776603611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348417","display_name":"Academic dishonesty","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02880-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764999920","display_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","issn_l":"1868-8071","issn":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8594807982444763,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2215041843","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2296194829","https://openalex.org/W2606089314","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2914767245","https://openalex.org/W2951080837","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2983309655","https://openalex.org/W2984376566","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3090661556","https://openalex.org/W3092295861","https://openalex.org/W3095319910","https://openalex.org/W3160638507","https://openalex.org/W4210366798","https://openalex.org/W4210598165","https://openalex.org/W4221015229","https://openalex.org/W4289522724","https://openalex.org/W4312537169","https://openalex.org/W4318263917","https://openalex.org/W4319083882","https://openalex.org/W4321850160","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4324129637","https://openalex.org/W4324340231","https://openalex.org/W4362551436","https://openalex.org/W4366368023","https://openalex.org/W4377010595","https://openalex.org/W4389484816","https://openalex.org/W4400046561"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
