{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127047635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","title":"Raw binary data usage with deep learning for advanced persistent threat attacks early stage detection","display_name":"Raw binary data usage with deep learning for advanced persistent threat attacks early stage detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127047635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764999920","display_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","issn_l":"1868-8071","issn":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124704130","display_name":"Tero Bodstr\u00f6m","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tero Bodstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, PL 35, 40014, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, PL 35, 40014, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124734757","display_name":"Timo H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, PL 35, 40014, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, PL 35, 40014, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124704130"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0901216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.05820000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.03739999979734421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.8084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4828000068664551}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8137000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.8084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7423999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4828000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37061001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3531721","display_name":"Binary Independence Model","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764999920","display_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","issn_l":"1868-8071","issn":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13042-025-02853-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764999920","display_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","issn_l":"1868-8071","issn":["1868-8071","1868-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323168","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127047635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972922763","https://openalex.org/W2031163547","https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2081544377","https://openalex.org/W2096987757","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2588857280","https://openalex.org/W2783047817","https://openalex.org/W2887651422","https://openalex.org/W2893843957","https://openalex.org/W2900616509","https://openalex.org/W2920971804","https://openalex.org/W2922628727","https://openalex.org/W2934798124","https://openalex.org/W2946445608","https://openalex.org/W2968985617","https://openalex.org/W2970336199","https://openalex.org/W2997315662","https://openalex.org/W3000367805","https://openalex.org/W3009253820","https://openalex.org/W3039870630","https://openalex.org/W3047150775","https://openalex.org/W3082129402","https://openalex.org/W3083012366","https://openalex.org/W3096574601","https://openalex.org/W3106629052","https://openalex.org/W3106645310","https://openalex.org/W3108514802","https://openalex.org/W3108957394","https://openalex.org/W3118774794","https://openalex.org/W3120593623","https://openalex.org/W3122385627","https://openalex.org/W3132602265","https://openalex.org/W3133235094","https://openalex.org/W3152977613","https://openalex.org/W3153029966","https://openalex.org/W3158759731","https://openalex.org/W3158835355","https://openalex.org/W3169117630","https://openalex.org/W3184976423","https://openalex.org/W3197004086","https://openalex.org/W3204227193","https://openalex.org/W3213995312","https://openalex.org/W4210793970","https://openalex.org/W4210954769","https://openalex.org/W4210999997","https://openalex.org/W4226323522","https://openalex.org/W4280650491","https://openalex.org/W4281388959","https://openalex.org/W4283593236","https://openalex.org/W4283771816","https://openalex.org/W4285325239","https://openalex.org/W4399939664","https://openalex.org/W4402921505"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,103],"presents":[3],"a":[4],"method":[5,78],"for":[6,119],"detecting":[7],"anomalies":[8],"directly":[9],"from":[10],"binary":[11,39,60],"data":[12,40,53,61],"using":[13,64],"Deep":[14,29],"Learning":[15,30],"techniques.":[16],"We":[17],"aimed":[18],"to":[19,36],"support":[20],"information":[21],"security":[22],"in":[23,51,131],"network":[24],"environments.":[25],"The":[26,55,102,123],"approach":[27],"employs":[28],"models":[31],"based":[32],"on":[33,88],"neural":[34],"networks":[35],"analyze":[37],"raw":[38,59],"without":[41],"preprocessing":[42],"or":[43],"transformation,":[44],"allowing":[45],"the":[46,52,77,92,105,110],"detection":[47,121,124],"of":[48,83],"low-level":[49],"deviations":[50],"patterns.":[54],"model\u2019s":[56],"performance":[57,87,117],"with":[58,85],"was":[62],"evaluated":[63],"three":[65],"publicly":[66],"available":[67],"datasets:":[68,91],"CIC-IDS2017,":[69],"CIC-IDS2018,":[70],"and":[71,99,108,115,129],"IoT-IDS.":[72],"Evaluation":[73],"results":[74,125],"indicated":[75],"that":[76],"can":[79],"detect":[80],"various":[81],"types":[82],"attacks,":[84],"consistent":[86],"all":[89],"tested":[90],"F1-scores":[93],"were":[94],".9674":[95],"(CIC-IDS2017),":[96],".9911":[97],"(CIC-IDS2018),":[98],".9957":[100],"(IoT-IDS).":[101],"outlines":[104],"method\u2019s":[106],"design":[107],"includes":[109],"model":[111],"architecture,":[112],"evaluation":[113],"procedures,":[114],"observed":[116],"metrics":[118],"anomaly":[120],"tasks.":[122],"are":[126],"also":[127],"presented":[128],"analyzed":[130],"detail.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
