{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125592818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","title":"Multimodal Ensemble with Conditional Feature Fusion for Dysgraphia Diagnosis in Children from Handwriting Samples","display_name":"Multimodal Ensemble with Conditional Feature Fusion for Dysgraphia Diagnosis in Children from Handwriting Samples","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125592818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024572984","display_name":"Jayakanth Kunhoth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-0893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayakanth Kunhoth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063475947","display_name":"Moutaz Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-1790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moutaz Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121038934","display_name":"Somaya Al-Maadeed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somaya Al-Maadeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015693826","display_name":"Younes Akbari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-4326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younes Akbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Al Jamia Street, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024572984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07439665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.9240000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.9240000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysgraphia","display_name":"Dysgraphia","score":0.839900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.8026999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-learning","display_name":"Multimodal learning","score":0.3212999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775946201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584560","display_name":"Dysgraphia","level":4,"score":0.839900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.8026999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780660688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052564","display_name":"Multimodal learning","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-026-10546-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8724378943443298}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322472","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125592818.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174557156","https://openalex.org/W1964971509","https://openalex.org/W1970295032","https://openalex.org/W1975590567","https://openalex.org/W1983221878","https://openalex.org/W2157594323","https://openalex.org/W2490067212","https://openalex.org/W2509693243","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2762977765","https://openalex.org/W2795006633","https://openalex.org/W2804681111","https://openalex.org/W2888052684","https://openalex.org/W2888615115","https://openalex.org/W2903817816","https://openalex.org/W2920124370","https://openalex.org/W2920975138","https://openalex.org/W2921366073","https://openalex.org/W2960498654","https://openalex.org/W2989354280","https://openalex.org/W2990553738","https://openalex.org/W2995201943","https://openalex.org/W3001120086","https://openalex.org/W3004292396","https://openalex.org/W3007915446","https://openalex.org/W3085294374","https://openalex.org/W3093639706","https://openalex.org/W3112395621","https://openalex.org/W3134127288","https://openalex.org/W3184679245","https://openalex.org/W4200581335","https://openalex.org/W4232636401","https://openalex.org/W4244258293","https://openalex.org/W4247665917","https://openalex.org/W4297498035","https://openalex.org/W4302376745","https://openalex.org/W4320801473","https://openalex.org/W4321382121","https://openalex.org/W4366978996","https://openalex.org/W4380050024","https://openalex.org/W4394819010","https://openalex.org/W4401401534","https://openalex.org/W4401517743","https://openalex.org/W4409641100","https://openalex.org/W4413096151","https://openalex.org/W4413462103"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Developmental":[1],"dysgraphia":[2,35,219,231],"is":[3],"a":[4,82,139,156],"neurological":[5],"disorder":[6],"that":[7,72,217],"impairs":[8],"children\u2019s":[9],"writing":[10],"abilities.":[11],"Its":[12],"heterogeneous":[13],"symptoms":[14],"and":[15,76,112,118,124,132,179,185,190,239],"frequent":[16],"co-occurrence":[17],"with":[18,142],"other":[19],"disorders":[20],"make":[21],"accurate":[22],"diagnosis":[23,36],"challenging.":[24],"In":[25],"recent":[26],"years,":[27],"researchers":[28],"have":[29],"explored":[30],"machine":[31,69],"learning":[32,70,228],"approaches":[33,182],"for":[34,236],"using":[37],"either":[38],"offline":[39,77,95,125],"or":[40],"online":[41,75,90,123],"handwriting":[42,78,91,99,203],"data.":[43,79],"However,":[44],"most":[45],"studies":[46],"analyze":[47],"these":[48],"modalities":[49],"separately,":[50],"limiting":[51],"the":[52,56,66,199,224,234],"ability":[53],"to":[54,198],"capture":[55],"relationship":[57],"between":[58],"them.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"this":[62],"gap,":[63],"we":[64,137],"propose":[65],"first":[67],"multimodal":[68,84,129,181,206,227],"approach":[71,160],"integrates":[73,148],"both":[74],"We":[80,115],"created":[81],"novel":[83,140],"dataset":[85,92],"by":[86,169,175,188],"transforming":[87],"an":[88,162,212],"existing":[89,173],"into":[93],"its":[94],"counterpart,":[96],"generating":[97],"corresponding":[98],"images.":[100],"Our":[101,158,221],"analysis":[102,207],"focuses":[103],"on":[104,122],"different":[105],"word":[106],"types,":[107],"including":[108],"simple":[109],"words,":[110],"pseudowords,":[111],"difficult":[113],"words.":[114],"trained":[116],"SVM":[117],"XGBoost":[119],"classifiers":[120],"separately":[121],"features,":[126],"then":[127],"implemented":[128],"feature":[130,144,186],"fusion":[131,150],"soft-voted":[133],"ensemble":[134,141,184],"methods.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"introduce":[138],"conditional":[143],"fusion,":[145],"which":[146],"selectively":[147],"feature-level":[149],"when":[151],"confidence":[152],"scores":[153],"fall":[154],"below":[155],"threshold.":[157],"proposed":[159],"achieves":[161],"accuracy":[163],"of":[164,202,208,226],"88.8%,":[165],"outperforming":[166],"single-modality":[167],"SVMs":[168],"12\u201314":[170],"percentage":[171,177,192],"points,":[172,178,193],"methods":[174],"8\u20139":[176],"traditional":[180],"(soft-vote":[183],"fusion)":[187],"3":[189],"5":[191],"respectively.":[194],"This":[195],"methodology":[196],"contributes":[197],"preliminary":[200],"screening":[201],"difficulties":[204],"through":[205],"word/pseudoword":[209],"data,":[210],"offering":[211],"efficient":[213],"initial":[214],"assessment":[215],"tool":[216],"supports":[218],"diagnosis.":[220],"findings":[222],"highlight":[223],"potential":[225],"in":[229],"enhancing":[230],"assessment,":[232],"paving":[233],"way":[235],"more":[237],"accessible":[238],"effective":[240],"diagnostic":[241],"tools.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T06:14:20.161405","created_date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00"}