{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401376792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","title":"Explainable AI for Text Classification: Lessons from a Comprehensive Evaluation of Post Hoc Methods","display_name":"Explainable AI for Text Classification: Lessons from a Comprehensive Evaluation of Post Hoc Methods","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401376792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049259722","display_name":"Mirko Cesarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9601-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Cesarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882068","display_name":"Lorenzo Malandri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-9365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Malandri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024372955","display_name":"Filippo Pallucchini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Pallucchini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036819374","display_name":"Andrea Seveso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7132-7703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Seveso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024877482","display_name":"Frank Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-3937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046882068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":8.5083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98047822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"3077","last_page":"3095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7378423810005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-hoc","display_name":"Post hoc","score":0.619328498840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.609574556350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4096810817718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.369589239358902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3431779146194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.0739946961402893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7378423810005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992886853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18381816","display_name":"Post hoc","level":2,"score":0.619328498840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.609574556350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4096810817718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.369589239358902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3431779146194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0739946961402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/509524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/509524","pdf_url":"https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/509524/1/Cesarini-2024-CognComp-VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:centaur.reading.ac.uk:123575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90013517.html>","pdf_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/123575/1/s12559-024-10325-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402273","display_name":"CentAUR (University of Reading)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","host_organization_name":"University of Reading","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10325-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321610","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401376792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401376792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573707804","https://openalex.org/W1607035479","https://openalex.org/W1726806267","https://openalex.org/W2042204882","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2560835477","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2796215194","https://openalex.org/W2796885425","https://openalex.org/W2803661804","https://openalex.org/W2808613198","https://openalex.org/W2887252986","https://openalex.org/W2907918833","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2960259221","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962912504","https://openalex.org/W2963233086","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2995523160","https://openalex.org/W3035264434","https://openalex.org/W3035507081","https://openalex.org/W3089397413","https://openalex.org/W3095444354","https://openalex.org/W3098278632","https://openalex.org/W3101981467","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3115467802","https://openalex.org/W3124373176","https://openalex.org/W3133543405","https://openalex.org/W3156333129","https://openalex.org/W3164846705","https://openalex.org/W3193042250","https://openalex.org/W3197347140","https://openalex.org/W3210818730","https://openalex.org/W3211639647","https://openalex.org/W4205282848","https://openalex.org/W4226418765","https://openalex.org/W4288083797","https://openalex.org/W4294559022","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W4307212054","https://openalex.org/W4318477615","https://openalex.org/W4382051203","https://openalex.org/W4385732922","https://openalex.org/W4386142022","https://openalex.org/W4387830562","https://openalex.org/W4388012892","https://openalex.org/W4388624604","https://openalex.org/W4390141881","https://openalex.org/W4391848979","https://openalex.org/W6762929394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"addresses":[3],"the":[4,64,144],"notable":[5],"gap":[6],"in":[7,24,121],"evaluating":[8],"eXplainable":[9],"Artificial":[10],"Intelligence":[11],"(XAI)":[12],"methods":[13,47,68],"for":[14,128,148],"text":[15,122],"classification.":[16],"While":[17,98],"existing":[18],"frameworks":[19],"focus":[20],"on":[21],"assessing":[22,63],"XAI":[23,46,120,131],"areas":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27,103],"recommender":[28],"systems":[29],"and":[30,41,54,72,83,106,124,140,142],"visual":[31],"analytics,":[32],"a":[33,60,78],"comprehensive":[34],"evaluation":[35],"is":[36],"missing.":[37],"Our":[38],"study":[39],"surveys":[40],"categorises":[42],"recent":[43],"post":[44],"hoc":[45],"according":[48],"to":[49,135],"their":[50,149],"scope":[51],"of":[52,66,74,80,119],"explanation":[53],"output":[55,75],"format.":[56],"We":[57],"then":[58],"conduct":[59],"systematic":[61],"evaluation,":[62],"effectiveness":[65],"these":[67],"across":[69],"varying":[70],"scopes":[71],"levels":[73],"granularity":[76],"using":[77],"combination":[79],"objective":[81],"metrics":[82],"user":[84],"studies.":[85],"Key":[86],"findings":[87],"reveal":[88],"that":[89],"feature-based":[90],"explanations":[91,100],"exhibit":[92],"higher":[93],"fidelity":[94],"than":[95,112],"rule-based":[96],"ones.":[97],"global":[99],"are":[101,109],"perceived":[102],"more":[104],"satisfying":[105],"trustworthy,":[107],"they":[108],"less":[110],"practical":[111],"local":[113],"explanations.":[114],"These":[115],"insights":[116],"enhance":[117],"understanding":[118],"classification":[123],"offer":[125],"valuable":[126],"guidance":[127],"developing":[129],"effective":[130],"systems,":[132],"enabling":[133],"users":[134],"evaluate":[136],"each":[137],"explainer\u2019s":[138],"pros":[139],"cons":[141],"select":[143],"most":[145],"suitable":[146],"one":[147],"needs.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}