{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399670588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","title":"Explainable Histopathology Image Classification with Self-organizing Maps: A Granular Computing Perspective","display_name":"Explainable Histopathology Image Classification with Self-organizing Maps: A Granular Computing Perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399670588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086068165","display_name":"Domenico Amato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4004-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Amato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014585764","display_name":"Salvatore Calderaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-6345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Calderaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089392019","display_name":"Giosu\u00e8 Lo Bosco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-0693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162772","display_name":"Istituto Euro Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05sfcd303","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162772"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giosu\u00e9 Lo Bosco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy","Department of Sciences for Technological Innovation, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 20, Palermo, 90139, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, Palermo, 90123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sciences for Technological Innovation, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Michele Miraglia, 20, Palermo, 90139, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011731694","display_name":"Riccardo Rizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5007-6925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Rizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039863688","display_name":"Filippo Vella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-0062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Vella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, Palermo, 90146, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014585764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":2.623,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90642758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"2999","last_page":"3019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7383071184158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.70914226770401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6720391511917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5489929914474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5403014421463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5163289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47880277037620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46669700741767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.46641290187835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.44531092047691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4248996675014496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42392492294311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.367628276348114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7383071184158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.70914226770401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6720391511917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5489929914474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5403014421463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5163289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47880277037620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46669700741767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46641290187835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.44531092047691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4248996675014496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42392492294311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.367628276348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unipa.it:10447/641133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447/641133","pdf_url":"https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/641133/4/s12559-024-10312-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401065","display_name":"Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-024-10312-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2542593443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNC 0000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3104767967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B53C22006460001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322991","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322991","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399670588.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566420918","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2013199358","https://openalex.org/W2014183325","https://openalex.org/W2018113971","https://openalex.org/W2059429344","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2153676086","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2344480160","https://openalex.org/W2552519714","https://openalex.org/W2612112834","https://openalex.org/W2759912964","https://openalex.org/W2811104224","https://openalex.org/W2921300032","https://openalex.org/W2945807221","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W3004621367","https://openalex.org/W3087851140","https://openalex.org/W3093051993","https://openalex.org/W3096503939","https://openalex.org/W3124870508","https://openalex.org/W3148076294","https://openalex.org/W3202513768","https://openalex.org/W4281748699","https://openalex.org/W4313342772","https://openalex.org/W4364305699","https://openalex.org/W4379144958","https://openalex.org/W4382394628","https://openalex.org/W4382726561","https://openalex.org/W4388206773","https://openalex.org/W4392471890","https://openalex.org/W7056799928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W2849310602","https://openalex.org/W3006008237","https://openalex.org/W2795259429","https://openalex.org/W4390143830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,73,168],"automatic":[2],"analysis":[3,213],"of":[4,50,78,116,120,151,164,181,217,239,248],"histology":[5],"images":[6,52],"is":[7,45,61,126,131,148],"an":[8,79,128,139],"open":[9],"research":[10],"field":[11],"where":[12,57,214],"machine":[13],"learning":[14,189,220],"techniques":[15],"and":[16,94],"neural":[17,190,221],"networks,":[18],"especially":[19],"deep":[20,54,188,219],"architectures,":[21],"are":[22,233],"considered":[23],"successful":[24],"tools":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,63,92,160,224],"their":[28],"abilities":[29],"in":[30,68,103,138],"image":[31,42,111,129,140,154,176,212,231],"classification.":[32,43],"This":[33],"paper":[34,204],"proposes":[35],"a":[36,58,84,206,249],"granular":[37,66,241],"computing":[38],"methodology":[39],"for":[40,199,210,229],"histopathological":[41],"It":[44],"based":[46,186],"on":[47,187],"embedding":[48,71,227],"tiles":[49,155,232],"histopathology":[51,175],"using":[53,173,244],"metric":[55],"learning,":[56],"self-organizing":[59,250],"map":[60],"adopted":[62],"generate":[64],"the":[65,76,88,96,104,114,118,149,157,162,165,179,182,194,200,215,218,226,230,236,240,245],"structure":[67],"this":[69,203],"learned":[70],"space.":[72],"SOM":[74],"enables":[75],"implementation":[77],"explainable":[80,208],"mechanism":[81],"by":[82],"visualizing":[83],"knowledge":[85],"space":[86,228],"that":[87],"experts":[89],"can":[90],"use":[91],"analyze":[93],"classify":[95],"new":[97],"images.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"it":[100],"provides":[101],"confidence":[102],"classification":[105],"results":[106],"while":[107],"highlighting":[108],"each":[109],"important":[110],"fragment,":[112],"with":[113,133,235],"benefit":[115],"reducing":[117],"number":[119],"false":[121],"negatives.":[122],"An":[123],"exemplary":[124],"case":[125],"when":[127],"detail":[130],"indicated,":[132],"small":[134],"confidence,":[135],"as":[136,143],"malignant":[137],"globally":[141],"classified":[142],"benign.":[144],"Another":[145],"implemented":[146],"feature":[147],"proposal":[150],"additional":[152],"labelled":[153],"sharing":[156],"same":[158,201],"characteristics":[159],"specify":[161],"context":[163],"output":[166],"decision.":[167],"proposed":[169,196],"system":[170],"was":[171],"tested":[172],"three":[174],"datasets,":[177],"obtaining":[178],"accuracy":[180],"state-of-the-art":[183],"black-box":[184],"methods":[185],"networks.":[191],"Differently":[192],"from":[193],"methodologies":[195],"so":[197],"far":[198],"purpose,":[202],"introduces":[205],"novel":[207],"method":[209],"medical":[211],"advantages":[216],"networks":[222],"used":[223],"build":[225],"combined":[234],"intrinsic":[237],"explainability":[238],"process":[242],"obtained":[243],"clustering":[246],"property":[247],"map.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-03T07:22:36.454288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
