{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313231603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","title":"Distance from Unimodality for the Assessment of Opinion Polarization","display_name":"Distance from Unimodality for the Assessment of Opinion Polarization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313231603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36593990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033894687","display_name":"John Pavlopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Pavlopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-7425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007939716","display_name":"Aristidis Likas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-5428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aristidis Likas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033894687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":0.7333,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7973792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"731","last_page":"738"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unimodality","display_name":"Unimodality","score":0.6972396373748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.5936962366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convention","display_name":"Convention","score":0.5871704816818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5221855044364929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.42737898230552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3812425434589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37022584676742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3702087104320526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2712255120277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23604145646095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1581525206565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12812712788581848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21596040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2896771","display_name":"Unimodality","level":2,"score":0.6972396373748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5936962366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780608745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367293","display_name":"Convention","level":2,"score":0.5871704816818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5221855044364929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.42737898230552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3812425434589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37022584676742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3702087104320526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2712255120277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23604145646095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1581525206565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12812712788581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36593990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36593990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:su-213551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-213551","pdf_url":"https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1724793/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400561","display_name":"DiVA (Stockholm University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","host_organization_name":"Stockholm University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9797378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9797378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cognit Comput","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-022-10088-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325669","display_name":"Stockholms Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313231603.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313231603.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977517231","https://openalex.org/W1980565545","https://openalex.org/W1991750682","https://openalex.org/W1997817740","https://openalex.org/W2129541910","https://openalex.org/W2337121348","https://openalex.org/W2507159341","https://openalex.org/W2760103715","https://openalex.org/W2767058267","https://openalex.org/W2780698117","https://openalex.org/W2786411768","https://openalex.org/W2805744755","https://openalex.org/W2920807444","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2964054038","https://openalex.org/W3027304069","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3082282088","https://openalex.org/W3134511899","https://openalex.org/W3153611199","https://openalex.org/W3160554854","https://openalex.org/W3173380736","https://openalex.org/W3206691943","https://openalex.org/W3206849167","https://openalex.org/W4289261447","https://openalex.org/W4412258501","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373855227","https://openalex.org/W2075968040","https://openalex.org/W2010176972","https://openalex.org/W2076454667","https://openalex.org/W94338811","https://openalex.org/W4389974503","https://openalex.org/W27154759","https://openalex.org/W2054787334","https://openalex.org/W2096624034","https://openalex.org/W1656570009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commonsense":[0],"knowledge":[1],"is":[2,25,42,57],"often":[3,58],"approximated":[4],"by":[5,168],"the":[6,17,49,70,80,113,126,130,139,156,199],"fraction":[7,24],"of":[8,53,82,87],"annotators":[9,169],"who":[10],"classified":[11],"an":[12,183],"item":[13],"as":[14,135,182],"belonging":[15],"to":[16,27,60,99,186,189],"positive":[18],"class.":[19],"Instances":[20],"for":[21,122,128,151],"which":[22,56,90,129],"this":[23],"equal":[26],"or":[28],"above":[29],"50%":[30],"are":[31,165],"considered":[32],"positive,":[33],"including":[34],"however":[35],"ones":[36],"that":[37,47,78,145,162,177],"receive":[38],"polarized":[39,51,136,163,196],"opinions.":[40],"This":[41],"a":[43,75,85,192],"problematic":[44],"encoding":[45],"convention":[46],"disregards":[48],"potentially":[50],"nature":[52],"opinions":[54,88,164,197],"and":[55,65,89,142],"employed":[59],"estimate":[61],"subjectivity,":[62],"sentiment":[63],"polarity,":[64],"toxic":[66],"language.":[67],"We":[68,96,124],"present":[69],"distance":[71],"from":[72,171],"unimodality":[73],"(DFU),":[74],"novel":[76],"measure":[77,141],"estimates":[79],"extent":[81],"polarization":[83,146],"on":[84,138,148],"distribution":[86],"correlates":[91],"well":[92],"with":[93],"human":[94],"judgment.":[95],"applied":[97],"DFU":[98,140,178],"two":[100,152],"use":[101],"cases.":[102],"The":[103,115],"first":[104],"case":[105,117],"concerns":[106,118],"tweets":[107,132],"created":[108],"over":[109],"9":[110],"months":[111],"during":[112],"pandemic.":[114],"second":[116],"textual":[119],"posts":[120],"crowd-annotated":[121],"toxicity.":[123],"specified":[125],"days":[127,150],"sentiment-annotated":[131],"were":[133],"determined":[134],"based":[137],"we":[143,160,175],"found":[144,161],"occurred":[147],"different":[149,153,172],"states":[154],"in":[155,198],"USA.":[157],"Regarding":[158],"toxicity,":[159],"more":[166],"likely":[167],"originating":[170],"countries.":[173],"Moreover,":[174],"show":[176],"can":[179],"be":[180],"exploited":[181],"objective":[184],"function":[185],"train":[187],"models":[188],"predict":[190],"whether":[191],"post":[193],"will":[194],"provoke":[195],"future.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}