{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214668748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9","title":"Medical Named Entity Recognition Using Weakly Supervised Learning","display_name":"Medical Named Entity Recognition Using Weakly Supervised Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214668748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681689","display_name":"Longlong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-5003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long-Long Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078108605","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-363X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101518692","display_name":"Bo An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-4268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115499","display_name":"Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/01sengv47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197","https://openalex.org/I4210115499"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114218197","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxbmy32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114218197","https://openalex.org/I4210115499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068053971","display_name":"Shuaikang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaikang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091280724","display_name":"Gaijuan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaijuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer School, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078108605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74191654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"1068","last_page":"1079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7678340673446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6930586099624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6048954725265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.5899590849876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5343223214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5103268027305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.4994828701019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.48276153206825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.47677022218704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.47323286533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4133707880973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.094249427318573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7678340673446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6930586099624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6048954725265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5899590849876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5343223214149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5103268027305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.4994828701019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.48276153206825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.47677022218704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.47323286533355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4133707880973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.094249427318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-022-10003-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2997927595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5679946986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608462205","https://openalex.org/W2046844528","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2076424959","https://openalex.org/W2096507791","https://openalex.org/W2104381725","https://openalex.org/W2122838776","https://openalex.org/W2141099517","https://openalex.org/W2144452292","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2163918411","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2190421341","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2559281960","https://openalex.org/W2785787385","https://openalex.org/W2796831711","https://openalex.org/W2906351693","https://openalex.org/W2963625095","https://openalex.org/W6600654476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586607209","https://openalex.org/W122912556","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W2621411691","https://openalex.org/W2271357838","https://openalex.org/W2556866732","https://openalex.org/W2794908468","https://openalex.org/W2328989934","https://openalex.org/W2348322200","https://openalex.org/W2981952041"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
