{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120327591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","title":"Pneumonia Classification Using Deep Learning from Chest X-ray Images During COVID-19","display_name":"Pneumonia Classification Using Deep Learning from Chest X-ray Images During COVID-19","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120327591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","mag":"3120327591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010477731","display_name":"Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-9921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-9921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012655495","display_name":"Mehmet \u00d6zs\u00f6z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-3445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Ozsoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-3445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048204794","display_name":"Sertan Serte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7130-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sertan Serte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066044089","display_name":"Fadi Al\u2010Turjman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-873X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadi Al-Turjman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Research Center for AI and IoT, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Research Center for AI and IoT, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050895436","display_name":"Polycarp Shizawaliyi Yakoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9696-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16197041","display_name":"Cyprus International University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mk5mk38","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16197041"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Polycarp Shizawaliyi Yakoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Mersin 10, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16197041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010477731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":41.4314,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":399,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99936786,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"1589","last_page":"1601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7824505567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.7372379302978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6644176244735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.571048378944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-pneumonia","display_name":"Viral pneumonia","score":0.5506640076637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.5042663812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.49304458498954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4736156165599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46133553981781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4456002116203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.3687252998352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.36567121744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.36102238297462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.20733284950256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.16464322805404663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7824505567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.7372379302978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6644176244735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.571048378944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778158872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2603200","display_name":"Viral pneumonia","level":5,"score":0.5506640076637268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5042663812637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49304458498954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4736156165599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46133553981781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4456002116203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.3687252998352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.36567121744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.36102238297462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.20733284950256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.16464322805404663}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33425044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7781428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7781428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cognit Comput","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12559-020-09787-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133078663","display_name":"Cognitive Computation","issn_l":"1866-9956","issn":["1866-9956","1866-9964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120327591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120327591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965186841","https://openalex.org/W2002876696","https://openalex.org/W2037197127","https://openalex.org/W2124161201","https://openalex.org/W2128406535","https://openalex.org/W2160212936","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2746325398","https://openalex.org/W2798251715","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2891756914","https://openalex.org/W2905483812","https://openalex.org/W2910788234","https://openalex.org/W2914550345","https://openalex.org/W2918873120","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2920831020","https://openalex.org/W2924911266","https://openalex.org/W2925108882","https://openalex.org/W2951934944","https://openalex.org/W2962747323","https://openalex.org/W3001118548","https://openalex.org/W3002108456","https://openalex.org/W3003668884","https://openalex.org/W3004234114","https://openalex.org/W3004375400","https://openalex.org/W3005079553","https://openalex.org/W3005879071","https://openalex.org/W3006645647","https://openalex.org/W3007773602","https://openalex.org/W3008763357","https://openalex.org/W3008874180","https://openalex.org/W3009800457","https://openalex.org/W3010381061","https://openalex.org/W3010604545","https://openalex.org/W3010719113","https://openalex.org/W3011041531","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3012994592","https://openalex.org/W3013277995","https://openalex.org/W3013507463","https://openalex.org/W3013601031","https://openalex.org/W3014890122","https://openalex.org/W3014924062","https://openalex.org/W3017117984","https://openalex.org/W3017383042","https://openalex.org/W3018836896","https://openalex.org/W3024801014","https://openalex.org/W3028593793","https://openalex.org/W3036638392","https://openalex.org/W3039563778","https://openalex.org/W3048454684","https://openalex.org/W3083113094","https://openalex.org/W3083753334","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3118109004","https://openalex.org/W3133191822","https://openalex.org/W3162351260","https://openalex.org/W3165656738","https://openalex.org/W4205623122","https://openalex.org/W4211068150","https://openalex.org/W6603989641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378327072","https://openalex.org/W326517241","https://openalex.org/W3105985586","https://openalex.org/W2411902499","https://openalex.org/W4297152064","https://openalex.org/W2372777018","https://openalex.org/W2926242485","https://openalex.org/W1517995129","https://openalex.org/W2560654089","https://openalex.org/W3192668266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,213,248],"outbreak":[1,37],"of":[2,32,59,74,99,151,164,190,219,232,355,395,398,402],"the":[3,18,36,69,94,97,146,159,162,195,201,204,209,217,230,306,324,341,362,373,376,387,390],"novel":[4],"corona":[5],"virus":[6],"disease":[7,21],"(COVID-19)":[8],"in":[9],"December":[10],"2019":[11],"has":[12,38,79],"led":[13],"to":[14,92,102,140,153,194,252],"global":[15],"crisis":[16],"around":[17],"world.":[19],"was":[22,250],"declared":[23],"pandemic":[24],"by":[25],"World":[26],"Health":[27],"Organization":[28],"(WHO)":[29],"on":[30,225],"11th":[31],"March":[33],"2020.":[34,62],"Currently,":[35],"affected":[39],"more":[40,45,52],"than":[41,46,53],"200":[42],"countries":[43],"with":[44],"37":[47],"million":[48,55],"confirmed":[49],"cases":[50,100],"and":[51,89,119,142,157,208,239,269,283,301,314,320,331,337,348,358,369,383,400],"1":[54],"death":[56],"tolls":[57],"as":[58,83,129,136,200],"10":[60],"October":[61],"Reverse-transcription":[63],"polymerase":[64],"chain":[65],"reaction":[66],"(RT-PCR)":[67],"is":[68,105,116,178],"standard":[70],"method":[71,114],"for":[72,109,181,229,386],"detection":[73],"COVID-19":[75,160,173,196,257,270,277,287,335,356],"disease,":[76],"but":[77],"it":[78],"many":[80],"challenges":[81],"such":[82,199],"false":[84],"positives,":[85],"low":[86],"sensitivity,":[87,313,330,347,368,382],"expensive,":[88],"requires":[90],"experts":[91],"conduct":[93],"test.":[95],"As":[96],"number":[98,150],"continue":[101],"grow,":[103],"there":[104,177],"a":[106,111,133,149,179,187,220],"high":[107],"need":[108,180],"developing":[110],"rapid":[112],"screening":[113],"that":[115,184],"accurate,":[117],"fast,":[118],"cheap.":[120],"Chest":[121],"X-ray":[122],"(CXR)":[123],"scan":[124],"images":[125,156,192,354],"can":[126,167,185],"be":[127],"considered":[128],"an":[130,393],"alternative":[131],"or":[132],"confirmatory":[134],"approach":[135,223],"they":[137],"are":[138],"fast":[139],"obtain":[141],"easily":[143],"accessible.":[144],"Though":[145],"literature":[147],"reports":[148],"approaches":[152,166],"classify":[154,186],"CXR":[155,191,211,241,304,322,339,353],"detect":[158],"infections,":[161],"majority":[163],"these":[165],"only":[168],"recognize":[169],"two":[170],"classes":[171],"(e.g.,":[172],"vs.":[174,258,262,267,271,278,281,288,291,295],"normal).":[175,296],"However,":[176],"well-developed":[182],"models":[183],"wider":[188],"range":[189],"belonging":[193],"class":[197],"itself":[198],"bacterial":[202,237,260,272,279,289,318],"pneumonia,":[203,207,236,238,361],"non-COVID-19":[205,234,264,292,298,359],"viral":[206,235,265,293,299,360],"normal":[210,240,302,321,338],"scans.":[212],"current":[214],"work":[215],"proposes":[216],"use":[218],"deep":[221],"learning":[222],"based":[224],"pretrained":[226],"AlexNet":[227],"model":[228,249,308,325,342,363,377,391],"classification":[231,255,275,285,352],"COVID-19,":[233],"scans":[242],"obtained":[243],"from":[244],"different":[245],"public":[246],"databases.":[247],"trained":[251],"perform":[253],"two-way":[254],"(i.e.,":[256,276,286],"normal,":[259,263,268],"pneumonia":[261,266,280,290,294,300,319,336,357],"pneumonia),":[273],"three-way":[274,374],"normal),":[282],"four-way":[284,388],"For":[297,317,334,351,372],"(healthy)":[303],"images,":[305,323,340],"proposed":[307],"achieved":[309,326,343,364,378,392],"94.43%":[310],"accuracy,":[311,328,345,366,380],"98.19%":[312],"95.78%":[315],"specificity.":[316,333,350,371],"91.43%":[327],"91.94%":[329],"100%":[332,349],"99.16%":[344],"97.44%":[346],"99.62%":[365],"90.63%":[367],"99.89%":[370],"classification,":[375,389],"94.00%":[379],"91.30%":[381],"84.78%.":[384],"Finally,":[385],"accuracy":[394],"93.42%,":[396],"sensitivity":[397],"89.18%,":[399],"specificity":[401],"98.92%.":[403]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":53}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
