{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229457815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","title":"Post-secondary online learning in the U.S.: an integrative review of the literature on undergraduate student characteristics","display_name":"Post-secondary online learning in the U.S.: an integrative review of the literature on undergraduate student characteristics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229457815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35573705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027880545","display_name":"Alyse C. Hachey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-7283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alyse C. Hachey","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Way, EDUC 601D, El Paso, TX 79968 USA","The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Way, EDUC 601D, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-7283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Way, EDUC 601D, El Paso, TX 79968 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Way, EDUC 601D, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015598947","display_name":"Katherine M. Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3374-9678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15653065","display_name":"Borough of Manhattan Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/040hwr020","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine M. Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048414026","display_name":"Claire Wladis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-6113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15653065","display_name":"Borough of Manhattan Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/040hwr020","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Wladis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shirsti Karim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15653065","display_name":"Borough of Manhattan Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/040hwr020","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shirsti Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Borough of Manhattan Community College- CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY, 10007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15653065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027880545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0943,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99162014,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"708","last_page":"768"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.6687756776809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.6679527759552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5967003107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.5616976022720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5052266716957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.48666173219680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.459524929523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.4539076089859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blended-learning","display_name":"Blended learning","score":0.4493463933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"Academic achievement","score":0.41548702120780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17331072688102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.1294625997543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10951420664787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.10722494125366211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.6687756776809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.6679527759552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5967003107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.5616976022720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5052266716957092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.48666173219680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.459524929523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4539076089859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.4493463933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.41548702120780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17331072688102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.1294625997543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10951420664787292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.10722494125366211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35573705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35573705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of computing in higher education","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9088150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9088150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Comput High Educ","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-022-09319-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G218238949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1431649","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3835991711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1920599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8489486739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1431649","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G958432900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1920599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309102","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229457815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229457815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10558330","https://openalex.org/W12695651","https://openalex.org/W25811589","https://openalex.org/W83028672","https://openalex.org/W89036158","https://openalex.org/W92340455","https://openalex.org/W150699103","https://openalex.org/W151552552","https://openalex.org/W164223281","https://openalex.org/W190219458","https://openalex.org/W204869719","https://openalex.org/W205310263","https://openalex.org/W237722408","https://openalex.org/W277311747","https://openalex.org/W301260778","https://openalex.org/W320326095","https://openalex.org/W814924284","https://openalex.org/W834255511","https://openalex.org/W1494873938","https://openalex.org/W1516049928","https://openalex.org/W1519971309","https://openalex.org/W1523739427","https://openalex.org/W1554621693","https://openalex.org/W1567498578","https://openalex.org/W1589633586","https://openalex.org/W1768830413","https://openalex.org/W1858118801","https://openalex.org/W1864657777","https://openalex.org/W1865290704","https://openalex.org/W1889471491","https://openalex.org/W1953100692","https://openalex.org/W1954124054","https://openalex.org/W1966646122","https://openalex.org/W1967036180","https://openalex.org/W1974167724","https://openalex.org/W1974590415","https://openalex.org/W1975086289","https://openalex.org/W1975108713","https://openalex.org/W1997624894","https://openalex.org/W2005075389","https://openalex.org/W2007625370","https://openalex.org/W2017854551","https://openalex.org/W2028080855","https://openalex.org/W2039536905","https://openalex.org/W2042840620","https://openalex.org/W2042897066","https://openalex.org/W2068074596","https://openalex.org/W2068727120","https://openalex.org/W2097344957","https://openalex.org/W2098671420","https://openalex.org/W2100816807","https://openalex.org/W2103479799","https://openalex.org/W2103869222","https://openalex.org/W2107063431","https://openalex.org/W2110800713","https://openalex.org/W2115816659","https://openalex.org/W2118025669","https://openalex.org/W2118637126","https://openalex.org/W2119252935","https://openalex.org/W2119857368","https://openalex.org/W2121690450","https://openalex.org/W2122920257","https://openalex.org/W2125765280","https://openalex.org/W2129574052","https://openalex.org/W2131831254","https://openalex.org/W2133401708","https://openalex.org/W2139766064","https://openalex.org/W2143692830","https://openalex.org/W2145562844","https://openalex.org/W2150028579","https://openalex.org/W2150242203","https://openalex.org/W2151462374","https://openalex.org/W2156749386","https://openalex.org/W2158229227","https://openalex.org/W2162897826","https://openalex.org/W2166903942","https://openalex.org/W2167602294","https://openalex.org/W2181519049","https://openalex.org/W2181580436","https://openalex.org/W2182798567","https://openalex.org/W2184953845","https://openalex.org/W2187888944","https://openalex.org/W2188344171","https://openalex.org/W2189067503","https://openalex.org/W2189501799","https://openalex.org/W2240892959","https://openalex.org/W2244250125","https://openalex.org/W2281727998","https://openalex.org/W2285044695","https://openalex.org/W2289308217","https://openalex.org/W2296576857","https://openalex.org/W2315520508","https://openalex.org/W2344924989","https://openalex.org/W2355830311","https://openalex.org/W2401911465","https://openalex.org/W2461706986","https://openalex.org/W2465948423","https://openalex.org/W2466464057","https://openalex.org/W2467713067","https://openalex.org/W2468298611","https://openalex.org/W2523021141","https://openalex.org/W2531044353","https://openalex.org/W2556316702","https://openalex.org/W2566332420","https://openalex.org/W2587067220","https://openalex.org/W2623551750","https://openalex.org/W2626096009","https://openalex.org/W2728680662","https://openalex.org/W2730834124","https://openalex.org/W2734947882","https://openalex.org/W2736356713","https://openalex.org/W2751588716","https://openalex.org/W2754323632","https://openalex.org/W2765400450","https://openalex.org/W2766369099","https://openalex.org/W2789807858","https://openalex.org/W2791625962","https://openalex.org/W2793712246","https://openalex.org/W2802037949","https://openalex.org/W2802156632","https://openalex.org/W2804097307","https://openalex.org/W2809848290","https://openalex.org/W2811158682","https://openalex.org/W2897193242","https://openalex.org/W2912223217","https://openalex.org/W2941204456","https://openalex.org/W2952929671","https://openalex.org/W2960223428","https://openalex.org/W2969623127","https://openalex.org/W2990108733","https://openalex.org/W3000339898","https://openalex.org/W3122912300","https://openalex.org/W3148962211","https://openalex.org/W3160663827","https://openalex.org/W4239705146","https://openalex.org/W4242355866","https://openalex.org/W4243343205","https://openalex.org/W4248944903","https://openalex.org/W4313823339","https://openalex.org/W4321782983","https://openalex.org/W6633106297","https://openalex.org/W6639207464","https://openalex.org/W6689487852","https://openalex.org/W6721281019","https://openalex.org/W6848137567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3082178636","https://openalex.org/W2253008778","https://openalex.org/W2782041652","https://openalex.org/W2612657834","https://openalex.org/W1821769140","https://openalex.org/W2141967468","https://openalex.org/W2914528157","https://openalex.org/W3144950473","https://openalex.org/W1964648952","https://openalex.org/W4381596748"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}