{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208619449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","title":"Instructors\u2019 conceptualization and implementation of scaffolding in online higher education courses","display_name":"Instructors\u2019 conceptualization and implementation of scaffolding in online higher education courses","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208619449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","mag":"3208619449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033845728","display_name":"Jennifer Richardson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer C. Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-1406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077754441","display_name":"Secil Caskurlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-9586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Secil Caskurlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082693561","display_name":"Daniela Castellanos-Reyes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Castellanos-Reyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3134, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3134, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036562294","display_name":"Suzhen Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-719X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzhen Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3167, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3167, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090427046","display_name":"Mohammad Shams Ud Duha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-8687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shams Ud Duha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3197, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3197, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008645039","display_name":"Holly Fiock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-4412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holly Fiock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3156, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3156, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002876562","display_name":"Yishi Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-7537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yishi Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3134, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3134, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Purdue University, Beering Hall, Room 3142, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033845728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.0263,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96690624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"242","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11715","display_name":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptualization","display_name":"Conceptualization","score":0.9105896949768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaffold","display_name":"Scaffold","score":0.8030489087104797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognition","display_name":"Metacognition","score":0.6939224004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6202577948570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-course","display_name":"Online course","score":0.521621823310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.48428505659103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.44971853494644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.4290214478969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3981626033782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.37673598527908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.21946781873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08362841606140137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.9105896949768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89429830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735710","display_name":"Scaffold","level":2,"score":0.8030489087104797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.6939224004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6202577948570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986081426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Online course","level":2,"score":0.521621823310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48428505659103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.44971853494644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.4290214478969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3981626033782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.37673598527908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.21946781873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08362841606140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55310782","display_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","issn_l":"1042-1726","issn":["1042-1726","1867-1233"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208619449.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208619449.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65046643","https://openalex.org/W870371522","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1567353093","https://openalex.org/W1587839103","https://openalex.org/W1777119744","https://openalex.org/W1968732144","https://openalex.org/W1969224330","https://openalex.org/W1970209023","https://openalex.org/W1976864159","https://openalex.org/W1978841255","https://openalex.org/W1983930586","https://openalex.org/W1988695794","https://openalex.org/W1995109505","https://openalex.org/W1995434502","https://openalex.org/W1997427448","https://openalex.org/W1999626445","https://openalex.org/W2004970722","https://openalex.org/W2006479099","https://openalex.org/W2008596782","https://openalex.org/W2035349156","https://openalex.org/W2059279612","https://openalex.org/W2077371144","https://openalex.org/W2081126056","https://openalex.org/W2117981293","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2141610625","https://openalex.org/W2143931691","https://openalex.org/W2151489741","https://openalex.org/W2156300785","https://openalex.org/W2159451982","https://openalex.org/W2476612415","https://openalex.org/W2482718578","https://openalex.org/W2524593233","https://openalex.org/W2530735505","https://openalex.org/W2560244942","https://openalex.org/W2568494933","https://openalex.org/W2585768928","https://openalex.org/W2767432089","https://openalex.org/W2774188099","https://openalex.org/W2793900085","https://openalex.org/W2796027300","https://openalex.org/W2904825377","https://openalex.org/W2911631472","https://openalex.org/W2925515791","https://openalex.org/W2941584071","https://openalex.org/W2944281545","https://openalex.org/W2945323681","https://openalex.org/W2955375648","https://openalex.org/W3006123463","https://openalex.org/W3014420117","https://openalex.org/W3014588355","https://openalex.org/W3085279139","https://openalex.org/W6746919339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362575170","https://openalex.org/W2984230149","https://openalex.org/W1532772865","https://openalex.org/W2531253623","https://openalex.org/W2112095637","https://openalex.org/W2237121679","https://openalex.org/W4390616414","https://openalex.org/W3212890177","https://openalex.org/W2006867289","https://openalex.org/W1188194610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"multiple":[2],"case":[3,62],"study":[4],"explores":[5],"how":[6],"instructors":[7,71,85],"conceptualize":[8],"and":[9,27,46,83,96,100,111,120,123,133],"employ":[10],"scaffolding":[11,73,90,102,114],"in":[12,98],"online":[13,32,47,128],"courses.":[14,129],"Participants":[15],"included":[16,41],"full":[17],"time":[18],"faculty":[19],"(":[20],"n":[21],"=":[22],"4)":[23],"who":[24],"have":[25],"designed":[26],"taught":[28],"at":[29],"least":[30],"one":[31],"course":[33,48,81],"within":[34],"the":[35,124],"past":[36],"12":[37],"months.":[38],"Data":[39,50],"sources":[40],"pre-interview":[42],"surveys,":[43],"semi-structured":[44],"interviews,":[45],"observations.":[49],"were":[51],"analyzed":[52],"by":[53],"employing":[54],"a":[55,61,75],"general":[56],"analytical":[57],"strategy":[58],"for":[59,131],"developing":[60],"description":[63],"(Yin,":[64],"2018).":[65],"The":[66,104],"results":[67,105],"showed":[68,107],"that":[69,108],"(a)":[70],"define":[72],"as":[74],"support":[76],"to":[77],"help":[78],"students":[79],"achieve":[80],"outcomes":[82],"(b)":[84],"implement":[86],"different":[87],"types":[88],"of":[89,113,127],"(i.e.,":[91],"conceptual,":[92],"metacognitive,":[93],"procedural,":[94],"strategic,":[95],"motivational)":[97],"hard":[99],"soft":[101],"forms.":[103],"also":[106],"instructors'":[109],"conceptualization":[110],"implementation":[112],"differed":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"their":[118],"discipline":[119],"teaching":[121],"philosophy,":[122],"unique":[125],"features":[126],"Implications":[130],"practice":[132],"research":[134],"are":[135],"discussed.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
